Casting – is the process of manufacturing castings, filling the mold with molten material (foundry alloys, plastics, some of the rocks), and further processing of post-curing products.

In the most common sand casting foundry it is produced a model (previously – wood, now it is often used plastic models, obtained by rapid prototyping) are copied to a future item. The model is filled with sand or sand mixture (usually sand and binder) that fills the space between it and the two open boxes (mold). Holes in the parts are formed with the help of foundry sand cores that replicate the shape of future openings. The mixture poured in a flask is sealed of shaking, pressing or cures in thermal oven (drying oven). The cavities are filled with molten metal through the holes – gate. After cooling form is broken and casting is extracted. Then the gating system is separated, heat treatment is conducted.

Rapid Prototyping Technologies are used in Lost Wax Casting, in cases of manufacture of parts of high-precision (eg turbine blades, etc.) from the fusible material: paraffin wax, stearin, etc. (in the simplest case – made of wax) produced an exact model of the product and gating system. The most widespread is a model P50S50 consisting of 50% stearin and 50% paraffin, for big products it is used salt mixture that less prone to warping. Then the model is dipped into a liquid suspension through the binder and the refractory filler. As a binder it is used hydrolyzed ethyl silicate ETS 32 and ETS 40, the hydrolysis is carried out in an acid solution, water and solvent (ethanol, acetone).

As the refractory filler it is used: electro corundum, distensilimanit, quartz, etc. On the model unit (and LPS) they cause the suspension and make short crust or cause of 6 to 10 layers. With each subsequent the layer of the grain of fraction short crust change for the formation of dense surface of the shell mold. Drying of each layer is not less than an hour, to accelerate the process it is used special drying cabinets, in which ammonia gas is injected. Then the model is smelted: in water, in the model structure, burning, steam pressure. After drying and sweat the block is heated at a temperature of about 1000 for the removal of the shell mold substances capable of gassing. After that the shells are filled. Before filling the blocks are heated in kilns to 1000. The heated block is placed in the oven and heated metal is poured into the shell. Filled block is cooled in the thermostat or air. When the unit is fully cooled, it is sent to the knockout.

Because of the large consumption of metal and high cost of LVC, it is used only for main parts.

The process of investment casting is based on the following general principles:

• A copy or model of the final product is made of low-melting material.

• This model is surrounded by ceramic mass, which hardens and forms a shape.

• When heating the model of the casting form is melted and removed.

• Then in the remaining on-site remote wax cavity is filled with metal, which reproduces accurately the original model casting.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever faced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to visit this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we live in the world of high technologies. Keep in mind that current online technologies offer you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might need. Use them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to keep track of new publications on the topic sign up for the RSS on this blog.

The modern approach to the development of technological process of getting quality castings using Lost Wax Casting is based on intensive use of computers, required software and technological equipment for all cycles mining.

In most case, the production of model casting using method LVC is does not cause special issues. However, obtaining unique castings may have significant problems which solving using the traditional methods of development of process requires considerable material and time costs.

As practice shows, the majority of enterprises applying the method LVC, computer equipment for the development of the technological process is used very weakly. This is despite the fact that it is obvious now: competitive production can no longer do without effective means of automation.

The modern approach to the development of technological process for quality castings using LVC is based on intensive use of computers, required software and technological equipment for all cycles mining.

Workplace of technologist foundry is equipped with powerful computers for the work with modern design solid modeling software (Unigraphics, ProEngineer, Autodesk Inventor, etc.) which allow creating quickly three-dimensional model castings with LPS to source parts drawing, as well as related documentation.

Having prepared several options for three-dimensional models of castings, the foundry technologist verifies their computer-aided modeling of casting processes (Magmasoft, ProCast, LVMFlow, etc.) to visualize the process of filling forms of metals and subsequent solidification, as well as to identify the sites of shrinkage defects, hot and cold cracks, etc.

Depending on the complexity of obtained casting, search for the optimal design of IDPs – for example, using the CAM PL LVMFlow – takes no more than two weeks. Involving of technologist foundry is minimized: it remains only to specify the parameters of modeling after the program calculates and prepare the results for viewing, to select the best option.

Then a three-dimensional model is transferred to the programmer, which prepares the control program for CNC machines or rapid prototyping sets. Usually it is used for these purposes the same design program with the addition of CNC module. For example, Unigraphics and ProEngineer already have built CNC module, and for Autodesk Inventor it is required additional program SolidCAM, which fully integrates into Autodesk Inventor.

Nowadays it is developed and tested in practice two options (depending on the complexity of castings) automation of the technological chain – from creation the drawing details to obtaining high-quality castings.

The first version, built on low-cost software Autodesk Inventor Series + SolidCAM + LVMFlow, can successfully solve everyday problems and is suitable for most enterprises, applying the method of LVC. Second option, which kernel is powerful design software Unigraphics + LVMFlow, can solve problems absolutely of any complexity, including soluble at defense enterprises.

However, regardless of the applied engineering program, cross-cutting chain “technologist founder – engineer-programmer”, which uses a single shell, allows to develop quickly the technology to produce high quality castings.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever faced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to check out a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we are living in the world of high technologies. Keep in mind that current web technologies offer you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might need. Use them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. If you want to be aware of new publications on the topic subscribe to the RSS on this blog.

Creating of three-dimensional models is the most spectacular and, ultimately, cost-effective way of visual illustration of machines and the whole process. It avoids the excessive financial cost, save a lot of man hours and thus improve economic efficiency in the process of its implementation.

The possibility of 3D-graphics on the order of superior to those in two-dimensional images – diagrams, blueprints and drawings used for graphical representation of the process.

For comparison let us turn to monochrome (black and white) drawings. In practice they had never given such visibility as a realistic and colorful 3D-graphics. In addition, modern software and system 3D-modeling if needed, can create objects and describe the processes with a degree of realism, which is close to the photographic. However, in our case the latter is rarely necessary, since the illustration is of technological processes of task design purely practical: no surprise the viewer the beauty of a picture, and facilitate understanding of the process. Maximum detailed study until they are completely realistic, is usually not feasible.

3D-simulation is potentially more accurate scheme than drawing, in 3D model we can determine, for example, inconsistency of any detail, to identify other errors.

To fix the error in the 3D-model (make the necessary changes and additions) is incomparably easier. If you have to make changes to the design of one piece with a custom painting, this may well lead you to correct and redraw huge number of schemes. It is known that in 2D designers have to draw the elements of the surface again for each new picture, carefully distributing highlights and shadows to show the form. Thus it is necessary to monitor the compliance of your drawing illustrate the general style of the entire series.

Before creating computer models it is necessary to analyze manufacturing process step by step, make sense and purpose of each of its operations. To do this, client from usually asks the appropriate description (usually in the form of drawings) from the experts developer company..

It should be noted that for a 3D-model level of detail of the certain elements is important. These indications, it is important to lay the emphasis in the description of the process for another pre-stage. Is it necessary to draw the thoroughly all the parts and structure, or in some illustrations is enough to confine the general, approximate image? The more specific the task, the better will be its implementation, so the correct placement of emphasis in the future illustrations it is important clearly indicate the degree of detail of each operation and part of the mechanism.

The simplest and most effective solution is an option when some (basic) images are formed in the colorful, attracting the attention of a booklet or brochure – for the initial demonstration of the audience (customers, partners, company). As the same complement – if there is a need for full and (or) a detailed demonstration of the process, or for “internal”, the customer’s own needs – can be used in 3D-animated movie.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to show a product, design or model. Have you come across such a problem too? Then you are invited to visit this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we are living in the world of digital technologies. Bear in mind that modern Internet technologies offer you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might need. Use them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. If you want to be aware of new publications on the topic sign up for the RSS on this blog.

3D design is the creation of design in three dimensions. It allows you to design the interior design, exhibit booths, and various exclusive constructions. Experienced designers can create three-dimensional projects of exhibition stands and presentation equipment such as drawings and technical specifications of the customer.

The main advantage of 3D design is a visual rendering of interior apartments, offices, homes, buildings and other projects. Finished 3d design creates the impression of three-dimensional visualization space, the reality of any object interior. Technology 3d graphics and 3d modeling capability to fully bring the object to its real, living status, to feel the dimensions of space, architectural visualization of interior and other features. With 3d graphics before the start of the project you can make 3d modeling the project on its own taste and visualization of the project in its entirety.

3D project modeling
3d visualization is a modern progressive technology of 3d design. Architectural 3d visualization and animation is the result of a combination of architectural and design skills, sense of style with technology 3d graphics and 3d modeling in the hands of professional architects. The images obtained using three-dimensional simulation is widely used in various presentations and is an integral part of modern design projects.

3D simulation is dedicated to all the real and invented objects that are created using 3d graphics. 3D model of a person or thing may be, for example, the logo of the company. One of the most popular destinations is 3D modeling photorealistic objects. They are increasingly in demand glossy magazines, billboards and lightboxes. 3D modeling is able to show any product from its best side. Also, 3D models are used in graphical presentations. They improve alertness and increase the susceptibility. In addition to high-precision 3D modeling, it is possible to create game graphics.

With visualizing interior contracting authority may look to the future of interior, even before the start of construction and finishing work and make comments and suggestions. Different design studios offer a three-dimensional modeling and visualization of interiors. Professional Зd designers will model and visualize your interior in detail.

Three dimensional modeling of architectural objects (exteriors) are used in many business areas. The resulting images are widely used by architects, designers, builders, marketers, advertising specialists. None of the modern architectural design can do without photo-realistic images, 3d-drawn by designers.

Different design studios offer a three-dimensional modeling and visualization of architectural objects. Professional Зd designers will model and visualize any architectural project, whether a cottage or a residential area with complete infrastructure and the environment.

Three dimensional modeling objects are widely used in advertising, industrial design. With the help of 3d modeling and visualization of objects can get a real idea in a short time without resorting to costly production of the prototype.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to show a product, design or model. Have you ever faced such a problem too? Then you are invited to visit a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we are living in the world of high technologies. Keep in mind that modern Internet technologies give you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might need. Take advantage of them to search for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to keep abreast of the latest publications on the subject sign up for the RSS feed on this blog.

3D modeling is a new word in the jewelry industry. And this new method is becoming quite popular in this area as it helps to make the model more accurate and in a short period of time. It can significantly accelerate the process of manufacturing new types of jewelry and to facilitate work of jeweler.
As we know, the theater begins with a hanger and 3D modeling begins with the sketch! From the obtained sketch 3D-designer creates a 3D-model using specialized programs. Each of different programs runs in their own format – which is translated into a format STL for further transmission on the production cycle. After producing a 3D model in STL format comes to cultivation. Cultivation is performed on prototyping machines. Each of the machines has its own characteristics and its growing consumable materials (polymers).

Polymers have different functional qualities. They are divided into rendered polymers and non rendered polymers. Rendered polymer models are made after growing are transferred to casting section and after the cast they come back for revision of goldsmith. Non rendered polymer model have to be rubber-coating (removal of rubber molds for further replication), then received a rubber mold under pressure injected into the melted wax – so get a wax model which comes in part casting – after receiving the silver castings coming to refine to a goldsmith.

SOLIDSCAPE – while growing two polymers are used supporting polymer and the basic polymer from which the model is grown. The work of this vehicle could be compared with the work of an ink jet printer – first supporting polymer is sprayed as a layer and then the basic polymer, and so layer by layer – by a number of layers is aligned with the help of cutters. The models are washed in a special solution for removing warmed supporting polymer, dried and sent for further processing chain. This polymer is subject to rendering.

ENVISIONTEC cultivation occurs through illumination of masks (layers) by specialized lamp and a gradual lifting of desktop model obtained is washed in an alcohol solution to remove residue not solidified polymer. The polymer is not subject to rendering.

DIGITAL WAX – works on the basis of illumination masks (layers) by using blue laser and a gradual lifting desktop models obtained are washed in a special solution to remove residual polymer. This polymer is subject to rendering.

After being revised by jewelers casting model is transferred to the reproduction of production.

We would like to add that the topic of 3D modeling is very crucial. Time of high technology and universal computerization, fortunately, came to the aid of jewelers. Three-dimensional modeling, and the subsequent rapid prototyping of digital model into the finished stencils, can significantly reduce production time and cost of the product.

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Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you come across such a problem too? Then you are invited to go to a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we live in the world of high technologies. Bear in mind that modern online technologies offer you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might require. Take advantage of them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to be aware of new publications on the subject sign up for the RSS on this blog.

3D model has the advantage over the 2D image, because it creates a more complete picture of the object. Three-dimensional modeling is most often used in areas such as advertising and production.

Three-dimensional modeling is often used for visual presentation of products manufactured by some company. Nowadays no advertising business can work successfully without 3D modeling upscale design activities is also impossible without it.

3D simulation has many advantages. Thus, using 3D models you can hold a variety of optimization of technological processes. Through three-dimensional modeling production efficiency can be significantly increased. Three-dimensional modeling can easily used as a substitute for natural layout.
Using three-dimensional modeling you can clearly evaluate options for joining components and assemblies. Three-dimensional modeling in the design makes it possible to save not only time but also money. At the engineering centers you may order the creation of 3D models according to your drawings, sketches and photographs.

3D modeling is a necessary and very important component of designing process.

3D modeling has the following advantages:

-it can be used to display all possible modifications of the model;
-allows you to demonstrate the effect of changes in detail;
-allows you to set precise distances in the model;
-use it to resize automatically when modifying the model ;
-helps identify properties to develop a design (namely, mass, volume, moments of inertia, etc.) before the start of production;
-reduces the number of possible errors in the design stage;
-accelerates the appearance of the product on the market;
-assembly design previously executed on a computer, allows an accurate assessment of the interaction of components in the device.

Using 3D modeling, some engineering groups can help you in carrying out the whole design process, as well as engineering analysis and to produce any products of varying complexity and purpose.

3D modeling is very popular in construction industry. Only creating a 3D simulation can provide an analysis of the accuracy of all the systems needed for construction. Without 3D modeling nobody can give 100% assurance that the facility will be safe. Every major architectural and construction project is carried out only when accompanied by 3D modeling. The great advantage of using 3D models is that in this form it is much more easier for a customer to explain his idea. In addition, the presence of errors, 3D model always show them in advance, and, therefore, will have time to correct any deficiencies in the design stage.

3D modeling simplifies the process of harmonization with the client version of the total construction of a facility. 3D models in most cases have a greater effect on the customer than a simple two-dimensional drawings. Three-dimensional model can be done in a very short time from several minutes to several hours. Only a 3D model of the object will provide its rapid design and construction. And the speed of construction in the absence of errors – that’s 99% success.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever experienced such a problem too? Then you are invited to go to this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we live in the world of high technologies. Keep in mind that modern Internet technologies offer you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might want. Use them to search for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to keep track of new publications on the topic subscribe to the RSS feed on this blog.

3D-modeling can be classified as the hottest computer arts. Many experts consider it along with the programming of extremely complex and laborious task. However, painstaking attention will be over soon, because today’s market has a range of available devices, spatial scanning of objects.

3D-scan is a systematic process of determining the coordinates of points belonging to the surfaces of geometrically-complex physical objects (including components) with a view to obtain their spatial mathematical models that can be modified using the CAD-systems. Devices, which are used to scan objects called 3D-scanners. These devices not only simplify the process of creating 3D-models, but also allow solving this problem with the maximum degree of certainty in relation to the original source.

In spite of the fact that today the major consumers of 3D-scanners are designers and film-studio, the first customers of these devices have become automotive and engineering design bureau, whose need for equipment of this class led to the technology, used works.

As known, design cars and aircraft are still being improved with water tunnel, where the level of streamlining forms is determined by the positive impact of air flow. Mathematical algorithms that simulate the work of such systems are being improved, but in terms of their effectiveness, they are far from the present hydrodynamic blow and is unlikely ever to replace them completely. Therefore, the ideology of modern design bureau for many years almost unchanged and currently consists of three main stages.

On the first stage a drawing of the model is created, which is made of plastic material then. Next, form the model hydrodynamically rationalized in a tube blowing, and only then, with the help of scanning devices is transferred and processed by computer. Based on the volume of virtual models made new more accurate drawings, and from them already and are production models of cars, airplanes and other structures, for which important streamlined forms. As you can guess, the stage of sampling models is the most important in the process of creating products, since the accuracy of the process and determines the hydrodynamic characteristics of the final product. “Manual” mode digitizing is not very pleasant because, firstly, a very time-consuming, and secondly, inaccuracies associated with it, negate all the engineers’ efforts. Therefore the problem of accurate automated system for creating three-dimensional skeletons of volumetric bodies was faced by developers of computer equipment for a long time.

A good deal of success has been reached in this area since the market are some quite dissimilar systems capture three-dimensional surfaces and in the near future, many of them may become popular desktop solutions with massive proliferation. Actually about technology, allows you to scan 3D-model, as well as products produced on their base, and will be discussed in this article.
Currently there are a number of technologies that create three-dimensional images of the hardware means, ie without the usual 3D-modeling of specialized software packages. Divided the three-dimensional scanning technology into two types: contact and contactless.

Former imply the existence of a mechanical device such as “probe”, by which a computer transmits the coordinates of points selected by the operator. Positioning system of such devices is based on the work of mechanical sensors, similar to that used in the opto-mechanical manipulators “mouse”. Last enshrined in each attachment hinge “probe” and that the accuracy of these sensors and determines the accuracy of the device spatial scanning in general. Today such systems are becoming increasingly rare, and, according to experts, their fate in the future – scanning a relatively simple small-scale objects.

Contactless 3D-scanners are much more complex devices, which provide very sophisticated algorithms to create spatial frameworks. Thus, many of them used a double (additional to the main) Input the coordinates of the body. Many devices combine laser sensors (replacing mechanical “feeler” contact 3D-scanners) and digital camera, which is used for more accurate scanning, which allows to obtain models of objects with texture.

However instead of laser sensors, space can be used and more complex systems. For example, recently began to emerge of 3D-scanning-based ultrasound systems, an advantage over competitors which is the scanning mode phone with internal structure or body immersed in a homogeneous environment.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to show a product, design or model. Have you ever experienced such a problem too? Then you are invited to check out this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we live in the world of digital technologies. Keep in mind that modern web technologies give you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might want. Use them to search for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to keep abreast of the latest publications on the topic sign up for the RSS feed on this blog.

Modeling of three-dimensional characters, scenery, props and other objects can run a variety of methods starting from hand-made “sculpture sculpting” curved frame meshes using virtual instruments and ending with digitization of real objects in a special apparatus. Methods of computer animation varies widely too: from keyframing, when the set start and end positions animated character, to motion capture technology (Motion Capture), when the coordinates of 3D-objects transferred directly from the live actors’ movements are digitized by special sensors. Rendering is a process of rendering 3D-models on a computer after opening the virtual lighting and virtual cameras.

Methods used in constructing 3D-models can be different depending on the purpose, for a tractor to simulate and recreate a dinosaur – it’s not the same thing. When it comes to follow a complex animation, then, naturally, it is better to make a model manually in a 3D-package. The primary objective here is to build a correct working skeleton and create a neat and not too complicated in structure surface. Moreover, in such a simulation should mainly take into account the creative component, therefore in the process widely used sculpture, photographic materials, rough drawings and painting. Different methods of automatic numbering of objects (3D-scan) did not receive wide distribution. MicroScribe 3D devices readily available at a price (1000-3000 dollars depending on the size of the object, which can be processed), and easy to use, but can not digitize the texture of the object (and in fact drawing is one of the most difficult stages of modeling), so radically streamline the process of manufacturing models, so that you can give up manual work, and generally used only when there is insufficient qualifications 3D-designer.

Such systems represent a contact probe, which with the help of a few potentiometers mounted on the collapsible valve with swivel captures information about where in is head, and transmits this information in the form of coordinates in three dimensions by clicking the appropriate button . It is enough to make the necessary number of measurements, and you have a ready network for modeling the surface of the future models.

One of the main advantages of such systems is a high degree of control over the process of digitization of the operator. By the way, the device itself can be quite complex: it is, for example, a system of checks and is automatically compensates changes in temperature and corresponding expansion and contraction of the metal. When simulating the original object with a pencil or a marker applied the Line of Control, then the operator decides where to grid need to add details, and where to leave my job at detailing 3D-designers – it all depends on the purpose of the model. The purpose of such preliminary work is to make sure that the final grid to be accurate and the most rational. If, however, drawing on the model can not account for instead sculpt model.

In addition, after any digitization necessarily requires a fairly labor-intensive processing in 3D-package, but with proper planning created a grid such work can be highly optimized.

Unfortunately, this has deprived the benefits of more complex optical systems digitize 3D-objects (therefore, after their work, as a rule, the object model must be done again manually), possessing, however, another advantage is that they are automatically removed three-dimensional texture of the object (the texture of the surface), which can then be used with minimal revision. In this sense, optical scanning technology of 3D-objects is more advanced. Of the three main areas in which developing the specified technology (scanning point by point, according to zones and zones), the best results showed scanning technology for the bands (usually with light markings).

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever faced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to visit a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we are living in the world of digital technologies. Bear in mind that current online technologies give you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might need. Make use of them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to keep abreast of new publications on the subject sign up for the RSS feed on this blog.

In the process of work under some serious architectural or engineering project it is often difficult to identify the various mistakes and shortcomings of using only the screen and, besides, not everyone can easily navigate in three-dimensional projections. Once you have a real physical model of the future product, you can identify and resolve various mistakes, correct the design process. The prototype can be used for marketing purposes, for advertising, when determining the cost of manufacturing, as well as to find common ground between designers and clients quickly, thereby reducing time-to-market.

Usually to obtain some models people do it by hands or by special machines. But to manufacture this model few weeks to several months are spent, resulting in higher costs for new product development and delay in the release of new products.

With penetration into the area of design technology 3D-graphics appeared and actively developing new computer technology of the so-called Rapid Prototyping, or three-dimensional printing. They provide an opportunity to receive physical details and the model without instrumental production that is by automatically converting data from 3D-representation in the physical model by pressing just one button. Thus, at the completion of the virtual 3D-model can give the command “Print”, similar to how we do it in a text editor, and a few hours or days, depending on the size and complexity of the project, obtain a physical model.

After old methods of prototyping, pre-mid 80-ies, RP-system ushered in a revolution in technology. Instead of waiting for the model for several weeks, designers can now receive them in a few hours or even minutes.

Currently on the market, there are various RP-system, producing models with different technologies and from different materials. However, all systems for quick prototyping, available today, operating on similar principles of construction of physical models, which are as follows:

• reading of three-dimensional geometry of the 3D-system (usually a solid model from CAD-systems or models with closed surface contours);

• partition of 3D-models of the simplest components or layers in cross section with a special program that comes with hardware for 3D-printing;

• construction details in the bulk structure of the polymer or layer by layer until, until will be received physical prototype.

On professional market a number of RP-printers are offered, which vary by class, price and opportunities. The cheapest are monochromatic 3D-printers, which make the model of a small amount for use in conceptual design and rapid prototyping. Prices of these systems begin with a few tens to thousands of dollars. The most expensive is a production-oriented system, which make accurate color models of large volume. The cost of such machines is hundreds of thousands of dollars.
We hope that this article helped you to understand how 3D scanning work and why it’s so popular in the modern world.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever experienced such a problem too? Then you are invited to check out this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we are living in the world of high technologies. Keep in mind that modern web technologies give you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might require. Use them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. If you want to be aware of new publications on the topic sign up for the RSS on this blog.

3D-growing is one of the most simple and accessible technologies of rapid prototyping. With the help of 3D-prototyping is the design phase where we can estimate the result and make the necessary changes in the project – a three-dimensional prototyping can thus reduce the costs associated with product development.

World practice shows that the prototyping of products at the design stage allows reducing development time and technical training for new products in 2-4 times. Thus, it is clear that neglect the 3D-cultivation is simply not feasible.

Technology of prototyping allows you to create low-cost models of any complexity. With the help of 3D-prototyping you can not just materialize projects in production, but also, for example, to grow layout country house, to assess its strengths and weaknesses, which on paper is simply not visible.

Before 3D-prototyping Technologies was invented models were made by hand, so the cost of prototyping was high. Nowadays almost everyone can afford 3D-cultivation.

If you want to order prototyping products you can use 3D-printer that is the best solution for rapid prototyping.

When technology 3D-prototyping is used the cost of the finished layout in times less than the cost of a similar order in the model workshop. At the same time, thanks to rapid prototyping to visualize project requires very little time, and mock-ups are performed with computer accuracy.

With the help of rapid prototyping it is possible to make the layout area of any area to evaluate the appearance of the complex as a whole. Well, the fact that technology of prototyping allows you to create color models, makes the layout as close as possible to the reality.

Rapid prototyping is used everywhere, so there are services for specialists from various fields. For example, the services of rapid prototyping are often demanded by medical institutions. In addition prototyping technology is used in the production of low-circulation, for example, in the manufacture of souvenirs.

3D-Scan is a systematic process for determining the coordinates of points belonging to the surfaces of geometrically-complex physical objects (including components) with a view to obtain their spatial mathematical models that can then be modified using the CAD-systems.

Scanning is performed with a step, which value depends on the required degree of elaboration of the surface relief. Scannable surface appears first in the form of so-called “point cloud”, which is then covered with the approximating surface, reproducing scanned with a certain accuracy.

3D-scanning is basicly used:

for creating 3D-models of hand-made art of relief items (medallions, sculptures, bas-relief, high relief, etc.) with a view of the industrial playback;

for creating 3D-models made by hand of designer pre-elaborations industrial products, in particular, with their subsequent modification of the methods of computer graphics;

for creating 3D-models of existing dies, molds and other products of complex shapes, such as unique, if needed, their changes, repairs or repeat;

for measurement of geometrical parameters of products, which can not be measured by standard methods.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever faced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to check out a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we live in the world of high technologies. Bear in mind that modern Internet technologies give you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might require. Make use of them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to be aware of new publications on the topic sign up for the RSS feed on this blog.

Rapid prototyping is a modern and convenient way to make models. And we are going to tell you about one of the ways of rapid prototyping such as vacuum casting. Vacuum casting in silicone molds is a modern technology of manufacturing products from materials polymerized by chemical reactions or with low temperature curing. The advantage of this technology is its simplicity and short time of manufacture of foundry equipment from the two-component silicones. It uses the properties of silicone very accurately reproduce the size and texture of the surface of the master model, low tendency to adhesion, and elasticity of the material, allowing, in some cases, you simply solve the problem of availability of parts from undercuts. Preliminary degassing and casting in vacuum avoids the porosity and surface defects in castings.

Due to speed tooling, this technology allows you to get small (up to 20 – 50 pcs. quickly one form of silicone) in a batch, including the hull parts of devices, ergonomic handles, wiring accessories and other parts of complex shape.

The sizes of cast parts are limited to the greatest possible dimensions of the form (900 x 750 x 750 mm) and a maximum weight of the filling compound (up to 5.5 kg).

When it is necessary to ensure the screw fastening parts, a plastic can be filled with fittings with threaded holes.

The color of products in the desired color is done by adding in the foundry composition of the pigments. The customer can provide coverage corps devices conductive material to electrostatic discharge or shielding from exposure to electromagnetic fields.

Curing for the manufacture of master models can serve as a model provided by the customers (the materials as agreed), and the prototypes made by centers or 3D-printing.

In injection molding technology for the burned models the model of polystyrene for castings are used.
Polystyrene is typically used for making fully working prototypes with high accuracy performance, which can be used immediately after their manufacture.
It endures high mechanical and thermal loads
In casting technology to land the model of polyamide is applied.

The advantages of Rapid Prototyping Technologies (Rapid Prototyping)

Making models of any complexity with high accuracy
It does not require tooling
It shortens the time from design to manufacturing
Prototype allows evaluating the appearance of parts
It helps to check structural reliability and to make the assembly
It helps to check the performance of parts or assembly.
It reduces costs for design and production preparation
In other areas

as design layout and exhibition designs;
as master model;
as assembly units for checking layout decisions;
for a primary test (functional model);
as alternative foundry molds;
for translating design ideas
for manufacturing exclusive souvenirs
for creating models for jewelry and artistic cast

So you may see yourself that this method is not only convenient but also allows to make new models faster and better.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever faced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to go to this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we live in the world of digital technologies. Bear in mind that current Internet technologies offer you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might require. Take advantage of them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to keep abreast of new publications on the subject subscribe to the RSS feed on this blog.

Rapid prototyping, vacuum casting in silicone molds and three-dimensional laser scanning are key technologies to update promptly the range of products, respond quickly to the constantly growing and changing demands of consumers, reduce training costs of production and its duration. These technologies are used at almost all stages of preparation of industrial products: when considering the idea of the feasibility issue, exploring design, construction, verification, collection, testing, refining, marketing research, the creation of devices and so on.

Engineering Centers has a wide range of technological capabilities that address a variety of tasks in these fields:

Getting spatial mathematical models of products using CAD tools or space laser scanning of existing designs;

Rapid prototyping techniques FDM (ABS-plastic ) and 3D-printing (of the powder, similar to gypsum);

vacuum casting in silicone molds plastics with different physical and mechanical properties, as well as injection waxes.

Plan to order fulfillment is pretty simple:

1) The customer provides a sketch, a drawing or a 3D-model, usually by e-mail to clarify the stated number of manufactured products, color and texture of the surface, the need for special coatings, such as shielding or conductive ;

2) specialist engineering center calculates the price and duration of works, if necessary, performed clarification and harmonization of technical requirements for products and delivery;

3) on reaching agreement of the parties to execute the required documents (contract, bill, etc.);

4) order is passed in the production

In fact, prototypes of products is a layer-creation of the physical structures on the basis of the developed mathematical model. Among the benefits of technology: the visibility, shorter pre-production, as well as reducing the cost of construction and design. Rapid prototyping involves several steps, the first of which is the mathematical modeling. This technology is to develop a mathematical model of a product in a format STL. Then, to refine the required types of surface texture is carried out to improve the prototype. Note that if you have a sample of parts, manufacturing of the prototype is not required. You are provided of a sample that can be used as a master model in the production of silicone tooling. Prototypes of products also include the refinement of the technologies, direct manufacturing of models and the final revision.
Rapid prototyping” is the common name of a number of new automated technologies, which came in the last decade to replace or assist in hand-made models, models or prototypes. Prototypes, in particular, are the first full-scale and often functional, samples of products of the new design or design execution issued, usually of 1-3 pc.

Usually two methods of rapid prototyping are used. They are FDM and 3D-printing. FDM-prototyping is a “growing” product samples in a special installation method of layer deposition half-melted plastic filament emerging from the die, in accordance with the control program. 3D-printing from finely divided powder layers lay out and glued with a special compound.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever experienced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to check out a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we are living in the world of digital technologies. Bear in mind that modern Internet technologies offer you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might require. Take advantage of them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. If you want to keep track of the latest publications on the topic subscribe to the RSS on this blog.

Let’s consider the most popular tools of prototyping on following criteria: speed, interactivity, specification, needed re-rendering, accessibility for all participants, possible changes.

Paper prototyping.

Speed of creation of the prototype: high
Interactivity: None
Specification: High
Needed re-rendering: Yes
Accessibility for all participants of the project: limited
Possible changes: it is not possible

Prototyping with board.

You can do it yourself! On sale it is available paper with a magnetic surface. You can print the stencils for the design directly on the office printer, but be sure to check whether your printer prints on paper of this type.

Speed of prototyping: average
Interactivity: None
Specification: Medium
Needed re-rendering: Yes
Accessibility for all participants: limited
Ability to change: it is possible with restrictions

Axure Pro.

Speed of prototyping: high
Interactivity: Medium
Specification: High
Needed re-rendering: No
Accessibility for all participants: complete
Ability to change: it is possible without restrictions

Adobe InDesign.

Speed of prototyping: average
Interactivity: Low
Specification: High
Needed re-rendering: No
Accessibility for all participants of the project: complete
Ability to change: it is possible without restrictions

Microsoft Visio.

Speed of prototyping: high
Interactivity: Low
Specification: High
Needed re-rendering: No
Accessibility for all participants of the project: complete
Ability to change: it is possible without restrictions

Programs of Microsoft Office.

Speed of prototyping: average
Interactivity: Low
Specification: low
Needed re-rendering: Yes
Accessibility for all participants of the project: complete
Ability to change: it is possible with restrictions

With all the variety of existing tools for prototyping, in many projects and companies it is still not performed. It is really difficult for companies that carry out projects to answer the question: “Why do we need innovation and investment in the quality (design, usability, etc.), if everything works and makes a profit?” The introduction of prototyping in such companies can only happen with the full understanding of the importance of quality by leadership – the quality as part of corporate culture as the values for each employee.

The companies involved in the release of products treat much consciously to the introduction of prototyping. They have already felt the benefit of the design and prototyping (perhaps by trials and errors). Unlike the first group, product usability, design of user interface and prototyping for them- is no longer a phantom perspective. This is the real way to reduce risks, improve product’s quality and increase the loyalty of users (i.e. customers) to their products. However, not all of them are ready to apply to professional companies, to create a department or a train (to hire) specialist, preferring the role of design and prototyping to consolidate for a project manager, team leader, etc.

To obtain a positive result from the introduction of prototyping, it is necessary that it satisfies the following requirements:

1. It must automate standard solutions, allowing creativity.
2. It must allow you to create interactive, detailed prototypes available to all participants of the project with an opportunity to make changes.
3. It must get into account the low level of knowledge and experience of the person performing prototyping.
4. You should have good and sufficient arguments in favor of prototyping. Benefits should be expressed in figures.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to show a product, design or model. Have you come across such a problem too? Then you are invited to check out this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we are living in the world of digital technologies. Keep in mind that modern Internet technologies offer you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might require. Use them to search for cheap rapid prototyping. If you want to keep track of new publications on the topic sign up for the RSS on this blog.

The most expensive mistakes – are the mistakes made in the beginning of the project, because in the initial stages the most important decisions are taken. As the project progresses, the cost of errors is reduced. At the same time, the initial level of quality control is minimal and increases as we move the development process. Full-scale testing began only at later stages. The result is often too late identification of the most expensive mistakes and the subsequent costly refining system or its component parts.

At first glance it may seem that some projects are identical in essence and content. For example, online shop based on your existing system is typical projects for you. But the individuality of each project is laid even in its very definition. There is an opinion that the development of similar projects can take place without the design phase. I share this view only in part.

I would divide the task of design into creation of standard solutions that migrate from project to project and creative tasks that must be solved in each new project. (Requirement – is to automate model solutions, saving space for creativity). If you want to improve the quality and, consequently, to achieve economic recovery, then in each new project you simply have to take into account different input information.

Prototyping is not a panacea, but a way to avoid some costly mistakes, reduce risks. I think it is obvious that the users of the Internet shop on sale of fertilizers and agricultural machinery will be very different from users of shops selling clothes and glamorous accessories, as well as their behavior will be different on the site, the objects of attention, etc. Is your standard solution being able to accommodate differences of users? The standard solution – is a set of components, tested and proven in various projects. Understanding the need for their adaptation (customization) often occurs at the end, when it is a full-fledged testing and there are no free resources anymore. That is the most expensive mistake (overruns of the project time, leading to jobs involving all hands, the deterioration of quality). The paradox of the new economy- in order to save, you need to pay (investing in design).

Consider the criteria of evaluation of advantages and disadvantages of tools and methods of prototyping:

Speed of creation a prototype – is a very important criterion. It is very well, when the tool allows you to implement your idea “this button will be here” without any difficulty, without forcing you to link in the technology, preferences, etc.

Interactivity – is the ability of the prototype to respond to user actions and emulate real events.

Specification – is the ability to reflect in the prototype everything to the small details.

Needed re-rendering – re-drawing of the prototype takes additional time.

Accessibility for all participants of the project – accessibility to all participants of the project, such as customer, leadership, developers, graphic designer – is often a necessary condition for created prototype.

The possibility of making changes. The use of prototyping in the fact that it is possible to clarify some details of the future system; some points are discussed and clarified in the course of work. The prototype should be updated along with project artifacts, so the possibility of changes – is another important criterion.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever faced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to check out a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we live in the world of high technologies. Bear in mind that modern Internet technologies offer you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might require. Take advantage of them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. If you want to keep track of the latest publications on the topic subscribe to the RSS feed on this blog.

Time is money. This is especially important in the development of modern electronics equipment. But until recently, all were forced to accept the fact that debugging ща firmware begins after completion of the design of hardware system. But with the development of the concept of virtual prototyping situation has changed cardinally.

Existing approaches to modeling of hardware SoC imply its description on the level of register transfer level (RTL), as a rule – on hardware description languages (HDL): VHDL or Verilog. RTL-models are a description of the equipment as a set of registers and the logical connections between them. The interaction between modules is detailed to descriptions of individual signals and conclusions. Naturally, RTL-models describe the equipment up to the cycle. In fact, RTL-description of digital integrated circuits – is a completed project of the scheme in generalized form, i.e. without reference to specific manufacturers VLSI libraries.

However, the use of RTL-models for the design and verification software is problematic because:

• Simulation speed is limited because HDL-simulator must handle many events associated with changes in the signals. This is at variance with the requirement of high speed of system simulation.

• Creation of RTL-model – is a very significant stage of development of the hardware part of the project, it is actually the final part of the circuitry works (thanks to modern CAD). It takes a lot of time and money. But with increasing complexity of equipment the beginning the process of joint verification of software and hardware of SoC is postponed to later stages of the design, that contradicts the requirements of minimizing development time.

The basis of “virtual prototyping” is a simple principle: it is necessary to create a behavioral model of the architecture prior to the detailed development of hardware and software. This virtual prototype should represent an exact behavioral model to cycle throughout the SoC, including the hardware and software part. The speed of processing of this model cannot be less than 100 thousand instructions per second that is much higher than for the RTL-descriptions. The model should be created at the earliest stage of design.

At first glance, the problem seems insoluble. But on the other hand, developers in verification should analyze up-cycle the processes of transfer between the blocks of data and instructions to identify points of commencement and duration of exchange, especially when the transfer time depends on the parameters of packets. In this analysis it would be superfluous to consider the formation of separate signals on the buses, because in terms of software the interaction with equipment is to exchange data packets with time parameters. Therefore, all events of switching signals can be replaced by a single event of reading or writing, called the transaction.

Moreover, several commands to read or write can be defined by one transaction, for example – to record data in consecutive memory locations. Since the speed of modeling is inversely proportional to the number of events, with a decrease in their intensity in the 100-1000 times the typical model of the level of transactions is performed in 100 times faster than corresponding RTL-model.

Thus, an effective way for the joint development and verification of software and hardware SoC – is modeling at the transaction level (TL). It is important that the TL-model of the system – its virtual prototype – after successful verification can serve as a benchmark for the remaining phases of VLSI design (instead of the descriptive specifications).

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to show a product, design or model. Have you ever faced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to check out this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we are living in the world of digital technologies. Keep in mind that modern web technologies give you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might want. Make use of them to search for cheap rapid prototyping. If you want to keep track of the latest publications on the subject subscribe to the RSS on this blog.

Today SystemC has become actually the standard language for describing behaviors VLSI. An international group of Open SystemC Initiative (OSCI) is engaged in its development and documentation.

SystemC language is based on C + + and due to the use of additional classes, provides new opportunities – the description of static and dynamic events, concurrency, account of temporal parameters, and also supports special types of data needed in the design of SoC . In principle, SystemC allows describing the system at the RTL, but it is the most effective and popular when dealing with behavioral models, first of all – at the transaction level.

In SystemC interchange of data (teams) between the individual blocks on the level of transaction is described simply. Interaction between modules occurs through calls of special functions (communication methods). Stable and regularly used a set of communication methods is called an interface. Component that implements an interface is called a channel. Two interacting modules connected to the channel through ports and exchange data through function calls declared in the interfaces and implemented by the appropriate channel.

There are two ways of interaction of software and executable models of equipment on SystemC. The first method is relevant when analyzing the architecture of future SoC as a whole, when it is very important to assess the load of tires and choose the right balance between hardware and software implemented features. Software is written (simulated) in C + + and run independently of the model of equipment, and communication with the TL-model SoC hardware is supported through communication ports. In this case all the time parameters of the equipment are specified in its SystemC-description.

Another way of co-simulation of software and hardware – is the implementation of software on the emulator of the processor integrated in the SystemC – the model of hte system of transactions level. Such integration is simple technically because usually emulators of cores are written in C / C + +. Then software is compiled and run on the emulator of the processor in the usual program-debugger. Only the speed of simulation increases in 100 times.

The concept of a virtual prototype is not realizable without an integrated environment of development, enabling:

• Use existing IP-blocks, regardless of language or level of abstraction of their description, and develop new IP-blocks;
• Collect a virtual prototype of the IP-blocks;
• Interact with a virtual prototype;
• Analyze the behavior of the system.

Furthermore, since SystemC is the standard language for describing system models, it is essential that the environment of Virtual Prototyping relieves developers to rewrite manually the draft system from SystemC on languages of description hardware (e.g., Verilog or VHDL).

All these tasks are successfully solved by IDE CoCentric System Studio of company Synopsys. System Studio – is an ideal area for the design hardware / software verification at the system level. It includes a simulation program in SystemC, which allows using SystemC-models of any origin at any level of abstraction. If necessary, at the level of transactions it can be easily connected RTL-models in Verilog / VHDL. The simulation programs on HDL from Synopsys – VCS and Sirocco are best for it.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever faced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to go to a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we are living in the world of high technologies. Bear in mind that current web technologies give you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might require. Make use of them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to keep track of new publications on the topic subscribe to the RSS on this blog.

Can we use pluses of approach the prototype of the system and at the same time avoid the associated material costs, financial and time? Yes, it is possible. This CRM-system must meet the following requirements:

Configuration Tool of CRM-system must be suitable for use by business users of the system, not just by programmers.

CRM-system should be able to do without the complex, time-consuming procedures when setting up data structures, screen forms and reports.

CRM-system should allow additional setting of business logic of already ready-made solution.

It is this system is Microsoft Dynamics CRM. This system allows customizing the interface of the system not only without the participation of programmers, but also by specialists who are not highly qualified. Creation of new objects, attributes and screen forms is executed by a few clicks. Built-in tool of set of business processes and rules allows implementing new functionality without the developers-professionals.

The great advantage of Microsoft Dynamics CRM is ease of transfer made settings of interface and business processes from one solution to another. The transfer is made by standard procedure for export-import of system configuration.

Creation of the prototype by means of Microsoft Dynamics CRM takes from two to five days, even for unique, non-standard business processes.

The use of prototyping in the CRM-project for recruitment agency.

As one of the most striking examples of effective implementation of the prototype, we give an example of introduction Microsoft Dynamics CRM at the agency on the selection of domestic staff. Business processes of such agency differ significantly from the standard functionality of the CRM-system. The unique characteristics of the processes of human agency are the applicants, vacancies, and the process of selection.

Using standard tools of setting Microsoft Dynamics CRM, the consultant created a model of data and business processes, relevant to processes of recruiting agency, within one working day. As a result of prototyping, it was fully formulated requirements to address and identified changes that were required in the standard functionality of Microsoft Dynamics CRM. When representatives of the agency found that the prototype met their expectations, it was implemented the project of introduction based on a prototype, and the prototype was supplemented with additional objects, fields and functions which had been omitted at the stage of prototyping.

Due to prototyping the term of execution the project have been significantly reduced – automation of sales management and operational activities of the employment agency has been implemented in just five weeks, the number of users has exceeded 30. The possibilities of rapid prototyping proved to be beneficial for both the project owner and the performer – the customer could see how the system will meet his requirements and expectations, and the performer was able from the outset to take control managing of customer expectations.

Prototyping allows consultants and users to build a shared vision of the system at the initial stage of the project. The unique capabilities of Microsoft Dynamics CRM platform can dramatically reduce the efforts required for prototyping, thereby increasing the likelihood of successful completion of the project.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever experienced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to go to a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we live in the world of high technologies. Bear in mind that modern Internet technologies give you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might want. Take advantage of them to search for cheap rapid prototyping. If you want to keep abreast of the latest publications on the topic subscribe to the RSS on this blog.

The system of Microsoft Dynamics CRM – is the most popular CRM-system. Its competitive advantage over other CRM-systems is not accidental. This article is dedicated to the unique tooling of prototyping solutions based on Microsoft Dynamics CRM, which allows laying the foundation for a successful implementation of CRM-system in the earliest stages of the project.

Suppose you need to choose a mobile phone. But even if it will be described in detail all its functions and options in the description of the apparatus, down to the size of the buttons, and photos of the phone in different angles, you still prefer to hold the phone in your hands to check its work in practice. Only in this way you will make sure that its functions are implemented in such a way as convenient to you.

Taking into operation a system based on technical descriptions, you risk getting not what you expected – business process beautifully described in the paper can be inconvenient in actual use. What then? Should we redo a complete system or change the actual business processes, adapting them to the functionality of the system?

The problem of mismatch functionality of CRM-system to business processes of the enterprise can take many forms:

Carrying out the daily operations is inconvenient and time consuming.

Functions of the system are only implemented by linear course of the business process, not providing the necessary flexibility: return to the previous step, cancel the operation, and correct the error in the data.

When designing or implementing key requirements are missed, as a result the functions of the system do not work correctly.

Implementation from the prototype

Is there an approach to prevent the gap between business processes and functionality of the system? Yes, such an approach exists – prototyping. A prototype of the program – is a mock-up, trial version of the program, which was created to test the suitability of the proposed concepts for the application, architectural and technological solutions, as well as to introduce the program to the customer at the early stages of development.

The prototype allows getting feedback from potential users at a time when it is most needed: at the beginning of the project, when there is an opportunity to correct a design flaw with virtually no losses. The users receive the layout of the system, which will close in appearance and key features to the final decision. The prototype can be “twisted in the hands”, checked its compliance with enterprise business processes and the degree of convenience for end users. Previously comparing his vision of CRM-system with the solution proposed by consultants, users get rid of the risk to obtain a system that does not meet expectations.

Why is prototyping so rarely used in the implementation of CRM-system? As a rule, the company simply does not want to pay for the creation of the prototype of the system, and consultants do not want to do “double” work.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever faced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to check out this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we live in the world of high technologies. Bear in mind that modern web technologies offer you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might want. Use them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to be aware of new publications on the subject subscribe to the RSS feed on this blog.

Stereo lithography.

The term was put into circulation by K. Hull, founded in 1986 3D Systems Corporation for the production of this equipment. Manufacturing process includes:

Photopolymer composition is poured into the bath and placed in the same bathtub platform capable of moving in the vertical direction at a depth equal to the thickness of the layer.

Ultraviolet laser scans the layer of polymer, hardening the polymer on the form of cross-section.

Platform is lowered on the thickness of one layer and a new scan of the surface is conducted. This is repeated until the receipt of the finished part.

For the final curing it is performed additional hardening. This is necessary because it can remain liquid areas in each layer. Since the size of the laser beam is finite, then the process can be compared with fill a figure with a ballpoint pen.

This method is one of the most popular, but if the item has cut below, it is required the creation of support structures. As a result, the surface roughness of the finished product without any treatment does not exceed 100 microns. Baked detail is easily polished. The strength of finished parts is comparable to the strength of products made of epoxy resins. Finished models can withstand heat up to 100 degrees C without changes in shape and size.

SLS – Selective Laser Sintering.

The process is developed by the American firm DTM:

The powdery material is applied on a special platform by special leveling roller;

A layer of powder is scanned selectively and heated by laser beam. As a result, the particles coalesce and form a desired cross-section of products;

The platform is lowered on the thickness of one layer and it is applied powdered material;

Laser scans again, as a result particles and layers are glued together;

Steps three and four are repeated until a desired product is ready;
It is required additional sintering for some materials.

Additional support structures are not required due to filling voids by powder. The advantage of this method is the possibility of using any fusible powders, including metal. The method is mainly used for making molds with a resource from 2500 to 10000 items.

LOM – Laminated Object Modeling.

The detail is produced by laminating and laser cutting of the incoming sheet material. Adhesion is due thermal adhesive coverage.

Each leaf is attached to the work piece by heat and pressure. Leaf material is fed into a continuous roll from one side and taken from other side. The required temperature and pressure are provided by the rolling roller. Once the sheet is attached, it is scanned along the contour of cross section. It is often used lasers on carbon dioxide capacity of 25 or 50 W. Due to the fact that scanning is only along the contour, we obtain much better performance than using the methods of raster scan.

Areas beyond the contours are cut into small pieces for later disposal. After applying the last layer, the excess material is broken up and the finished part is removed. The part’s surface is ground, polished or painted. Finished parts can be coated with sealant to protect it from moisture.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever experienced such a problem too? Then you are invited to check out this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we are living in the world of high technologies. Keep in mind that modern web technologies offer you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might need. Make use of them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. If you want to keep track of the latest publications on the subject sign up for the RSS on this blog.

Three-dimensional printing is one way of rapid prototyping. Now there are dozens of tools for rapid prototyping. All of them differ from each other, but their principle is in layered imposition of a composite material and allows shortening significantly the terms of models for visualization, fit, tooling and other applications that provide:

Reduce the development cycle;
Improvement of design;
Improving the quality;
Reduction of product price and production;
Accelerating change in the design.

The main advantage is the ability to create products with only the geometric model.

This product is created at once, and there is no need for planning succession of processes. However, in comparison with CNC machines, it is very limited choice of material for the product.

The technology of formation products through the gradual build-up of the material appeared in early 1980. There are 3 stages at the basis of the process: the formation of cross-section, layer overlay of sections and combining layers. That is, for creation a product you need to know only the cross-section. It solves some of the challenges of creating a product:

No need for topological design and construction elements in the transformation of the elements of manufacturing. Cross-sections are generated only on the basis of the model.

Manufacturing of parts at once allow minimizing the amount of equipment.

No need to define the geometry of empty space, because it is adding, but not delete the material.

No need to design the construction of mounting clips.

The process is without using instruments, hence no need for additional equipment.

There are several ways to create and combine layers of cross-sections:

Three-dimensional printing.

It was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and received its name because of its similarity print of usual printer. The process is following: the layer of ceramic powder is applied on the platform. Print head inflicts a special binder, through which the particles are sticking to each other and form the desired cross-section. The platform is lowered on one layer thickness and the material is put on it. The binder on a new layer is delivered and it is bonded with the first layer. The required number of repetitions is performed. Then it is done additional heat treatment during which the piece hardens completely.

SGC-Solid Ground Curing.

Each layer is cured by exposing the ultraviolet lamp. In this case, all points of the layer are hardened simultaneously and do not require a final cure. The process consists of the following steps:

The set of cross sections is calculated for a given geometric model and the desired thickness;

It is manufactured optical mask in the form of cross-section for each layer;

The platform is covered with liquid photopolymer;

A mask is placed corresponding to the cross-section above the layer of polymer and the plastic is exposed to ultraviolet light;

Removal of the remaining liquid;

Filling voids with liquid wax. After its solidification layer is stitched to the required thickness of the grinding disc;

The product is covered by a layer of liquid polymer and the process is repeated until you receive a finished product;

Frozen wax is melted and removed from the product.

The advantage of this method is the absence of need for additional support, since all voids are filled with wax. Due to uniform irradiation with ultraviolet it is achieved greater uniformity of product and additional curing is not required.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you come across such a problem too? Then you are invited to check out a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we are living in the world of digital technologies. Keep in mind that current Internet technologies give you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might need. Take advantage of them to search for cheap rapid prototyping. If you want to keep abreast of new publications on the topic sign up for the RSS feed on this blog.

In this article we will consider two scopes of using 3D printers Object: metal casting investment casting and casting into the ground.

Casting metals on smelted models.

This is a classic technology for obtaining high quality castings of metal. Designer develops a form for casting products in the program 3D-CAD. Then it is grown in the 3D-printer. This form is used to obtain vellums – exact copies of the final product of casting wax. Such vellums are used to create ceramic forms – they usually gather in the bush, which is immersed several times in a liquid ceramic mixture and sprinkled with sand to build forms. The finished form with vellum inside is placed inside the furnace, where the form dries completely, and casting wax melts and flows out of shape. Metal is filled in the finished ceramic form, casting cools, then the form is divided and the final product is extracted. After that, sprues and gates are removed, and if necessary the product is polished.

Casting in the ground.

This is another classic technique for getting castings of metal. Compared with the lost wax casting, in this case the accuracy is not so high, but you can pour not just non-ferrous metals with a melting point of 600 – 800 ° C, but steel with a melting point above 1000 ° C. By using 3D-printer Objet, it is grown a master model of the product and a set of inserts, the sand form is molded on them, in which the metal is poured. The master model grown on the printer is covered with paint to increase resistance to scratches that allows applying the model for forming hundred times.

Now we will try to answer the most frequent questions of people.

Is it possible, for example, to do plastic windows on 3D-printer Objet?

The technologies, used in RP-systems in general and in the 3D-printer Objet in particular, are not intended for mass production. The printer can actually bring up technically anything that is placed in its working chamber, but that does not fit can be grown in parts and then assemble. But cost is not profitable; in the manufacture of series production the classical technologies have more sense. 3D-printer is advantageous for the production of prototypes or small series or single unique products, because it does not require pre-production.

It turns out that this is just a beautiful toy that use is absolutely unprofitable, isn’t it?

No! It confirms the experience of leading companies that hold leading positions in industries such as automotive, aerospace, electronics manufacturing, consumer goods, MIC. When developing new products, they use widely RP-technologies. During its existence the company Objet delivered to customers around the world more than 1500 units.

What is the economic significance of the use of such technique?

There are four main groups of reasons why the use of 3D-printers Objet is economically profitable:

Reduction of development time of new products;
Reduction in the number of errors that were left in the product after launch in the series;
Improving the quality of development of new production;
Maintaining full confidentiality of new product development to launch in the series.

Today, having at hand such sophisticated tools, you can put the most fantastic goals and create the most sophisticated prototypes. And high-tech 3D-printers Objet will help you in it.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to show a product, design or model. Have you ever experienced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to go to this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we live in the world of digital technologies. Keep in mind that modern Internet technologies offer you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might require. Take advantage of them to search for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to keep track of new publications on the subject subscribe to the RSS on this blog.

Functional testing.

This is testing of prototypes in the same condition in which the final product will work. Every enterprise has different tasks for testing, so it is very difficult to make some general points. For a example, the prototypes that were grown on printers Objet: they are successfully tested with various liquids to study the hydrodynamic characteristics, blown in the wind tunnel, and in addition, it is grown the prototypes of complex antennas, which are covered with metal, and then their characteristics are measured, etc. This is a very important part of the use of prototypes, which becomes ever more relevant.

Certainly, the scope of applying 3D-printer Objet is not limited to the above directions. What to do if we need a prototype or even a small series of prototypes for testing made of metal or durable thermoplastic? In this case, related technologies will help us that expand the scope of 3D-Printer Objet.

Casting in silicone.

Recently this technology is becoming increasingly popular. If it is necessary to obtain a small series of castings from plastics, it is not often profitable to produce a metal mold, not to mention the fact that it usually takes a long time. In this case, it is produced a prototype on 3D-printer. The silicone mold is removed on this prototype with transparent two-component silicones. After receiving the form, polyurethane resins for castings are filled in it under vacuum.

Nowadays in the market there is a very wide range of two-component polyurethane resins, mechanical, physical and thermal properties of which make it possible to obtain castings that are not inferior to the properties of thermoplastic. High quality of castings is provided by degassing under vacuum as the form itself during its manufacture, as castings. The advantage of this technology is the speed and reasonable cost of obtaining equipment and castings. The limiting factor here is the strength of the silicone forms, which usually lasts for 10-20 casts. It is very important the high quality of surface of master model for this technology, that is why 3D-printers Objet with their quality prototypes are perfectly suitable.

Injection of low pressure (RIM).

It is a relatively new technology, which is also used for getting castings of plastic. In this case, on the 3D-printer it is made no master model, but the form itself, in which then two-component polyurethane resins are flooded, their freezing time is one-two minutes. The degassing is not used because of the short time of hardening. The great advantage of this technology is the ability to use one form for a virtually unlimited number of castings. It allows you to use this technology in the gap that arises between the casting in silicone and the use of injection molding machines, i.e. in situations where you want to receive dozens or even hundreds of castings.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever faced such a problem too? Then you are invited to check out a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we are living in the world of digital technologies. Bear in mind that current Internet technologies give you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might require. Use them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to keep abreast of the latest publications on the subject subscribe to the RSS on this blog.

Imagine that you have developed a three-dimensional model of the new product, such as a television remote control. On order to reproduce it, before you would have to submit drawings from the CAD-system to the technologists, then prepare form or another snap for this product – only then you will be able to create the first prototype of your console. Thanks to modern technologies of 3D-prototyping, today it is enough to transfer the generated model in the desired format, and then send to the printer, and within a few hours you will get a ready prototype. Two main technologies (PolyJet and PolyJet Matrix) developed by the company are used in printers Objet. We consider each of these technologies in detail.

The patented technology PolyJet of company Objet – is the cultivation of the models without using laser in layers of acrylic photopolymers cured by ultraviolet. This technology is based on the latest world achievements in the field of precision mechanics, electronics, chemistry photopolymers and software in the field of 3D. A distinctive feature of the technology – is building a model of ultrathin layers with a thickness of 16 microns. In the process of building each layer of liquid photopolymer is applied by the block of printing heads and is cured instantly by UV-light lamp. After that, the tray with a model falls down to 16 microns and it is applied the next layer. The printer uses auxiliary material support, which after printing is easily removed with water, for filling voids.

Printing material is delivered in sealed cartridges, replacement of which is no more difficult than in usual printer. The printer is connected to the usual computer network, to prepare the tray for printing and sending it to print; it is applied software Objet Studio with intuitive user’s interface.

PolyJet Matrix technology is a development of basic technology PolyJet. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that it allows the printer to use two basic materials for growing models. The printer Connex 500 using this technology can not only print simultaneously a model from different materials in its different parts, but also to get new material directly during the printing process.

The system of Digital Material allows the designer to specify for different nodes of the model the materials with different mechanical properties such as hardness and strength. These materials are obtained by a combination of two bases that are in the printer’s cartridges. In the process of printing, the printer is building a spatial lattice of the two basic materials in the volume of the model that allows obtaining composites with desired properties. Currently Connex 500 is the only solution in the world in the field of 3D-printing, allowing using multiple materials simultaneously in one model. Company Objet deservedly got several prestigious awards for technical excellence for this printer.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to show a product, design or model. Have you ever faced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to go to a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we are living in the world of digital technologies. Keep in mind that modern web technologies offer you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might require. Take advantage of them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to be aware of the latest publications on the topic subscribe to the RSS on this blog.

If we start to discuss the question of daily exploitation of 3D printers, the question arises: What scale has the equipment? Is it necessary a single room and staff for it? In this regard the line of 3D-printers Objet gladdens us by offered possibilities very much. First, the devices are comparable in size with a regular desk, the camera of building of three-dimensional model is isolated, that means that the apparatus does not emanate harmful radiation, sealed material cartridges are also located inside the device – all it allows to use this 3D-printer in the usual office, without providing additional space. The operator sends a model on printing, if necessary, changes the cartridge with the material, removes the finished model. The printing process requires no operator intervention; the printer can work at night, on weekends and holidays. The process of sending on the print is so simple that any employee, for a example, the designer who created the model in 3D-CAD, will cope with it. The printer is compatible with any system of 3D-CAD in mechanical engineering.

The range of using 3D-printers of company Objet is quite broad, ranging from medicine (transplantation and prosthetics, dentistry, maxillofacial surgery), design, and development of packaging, architecture, engineering, and finishing the jewelry industry.
If we talk about engineering, we can distinguish the following directions.

Visualization, or conceptual modeling.

This is one of the most common methods of application of any three-dimensional printer. It is difficult to overestimate the ability to move quickly and easily from the model in 3D-CAD to the prototype, which you can hold in your hands. Due to PolyJet technology, you get a model with excellent quality of surface and excellent transfer of small parts. In Objet printers you may use different materials, ranging from translucent polymer and polypropylene, including matte solid materials of different colors, and finishing with elastic materials with a large ratio of deformation to break.

Finished prototypes are easily glued, painted in any color, they can be covered with a thin layer of nickel or chromium electroplating techniques or sputtering under vacuum. Transparent material can be painted in the volume. It allows you to get quickly a prototype that will not differ from the final product not only in appearance, but also on the touch. These features of 3D-printer are widely used for the preparation demonstration samples for customer and display at the exhibitions.

Check of collectability.

Due to an excellent quality of construction of the models and high precision, the prototypes, grown on the 3D-printer Objet, are very useful for checking the collectability of new products. The digital model is sent from the computer directly to the printer, the human factor in the manufacture of the prototype is reduced to zero. Having received ready-made model in a few hours, the designer can be sure that if it will be found any errors in it – it is errors that have crept during the design, rather than during manufacture of the prototype.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to show a product, design or model. Have you come across such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to visit this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we live in the world of digital technologies. Bear in mind that modern online technologies offer you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might need. Make use of them to search for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to keep track of new publications on the topic sign up for the RSS feed on this blog.

It is known that prototyping is part of the cycle of pre-production products: check of the collection, appearance, efficiency of future products, especially if it will have massive circulations. All these problems are solved by manufacturing a prototype.
Number of prototyping technology in the market is rather large. They vary according to the principles of building a prototype, used materials date and cost. It is difficult to understand this diversity for a person, who does not use prototyping daily.

Often time spent searching for the right option, is greater than the time of manufacture of the prototype.

Modeling of the surface of industrial products on the computer can be done the two main methods. This is spline modeling and polygonal modeling.

It is quite possible to compare the difference between these techniques with the difference between vector and raster images. You can increase / decrease the first one in a very large extent, the quality of the lines does not change – in fact all the lines are the mathematical formulas. They can be scaled without fear to get jagged (pixel) edges, like when increasing an ordinary computer image.

Therefore, spline modeling – is modeling by mathematically sleek lines – splines. Polygonal modeling – is alignment of angles, vertices of polygons in three-dimensional space. In this case, needed smooth is got by increase the number of lines (flat) sections. There are operations of anti-aliasing (smooth) vertices, so the result of the polygonal method may look smooth too, but to achieve high accuracy surface in reality is difficult.

Splines and polygons.

In the first case splines are described only by the scope of isoperimetric curves on the equator of the ball. Such a surface can be scaled and made with any necessary accuracy, precision setting the stage of prototyping.

Thus, if you want to get predictable guaranteed a smooth and accurate result in the manufacture of industrial products, the simulation of surfaces must be with splines.

There are two most common file formats for storage of computer models of surfaces: spline surfaces are saved in IGES format, polygonal ones in a format STL. It was last used in most prototyping systems of laminate synthesis. However, if it is possible to transfer IGES to STL, then it is impossible to make the correct conversion in the opposite direction. You should also take into account the fact that not all surfaces require the same degree of accuracy of translation. So, round areas should be “coarsened” as accurate as possible, but it is enough pair of describing vertices for flat sections.

Another problem is the requirement of different methods of prototyping the different minimum wall thickness for handling stocks, etc. Of course, it is good if your model already contains information about the thicknesses and radii, but if prototyping device has tougher possible step than your radius of curvature, then “nodules,” “rounding” or “slices” will appear on the corners in comparison with the theoretical (computer) model.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever experienced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to check out a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we live in the world of digital technologies. Bear in mind that modern web technologies give you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might want. Take advantage of them to search for cheap rapid prototyping. If you want to keep abreast of new publications on the topic subscribe to the RSS feed on this blog.

The process of creating a prototype of the product has been recently an incredibly time-consuming – up to several weeks or even months, but progress has not been canceled, and today the technology of rapid prototyping or 3D-printing allows creating samples of virtually any object very promptly. Now a few people are surprised with such a concept as a digital prototype, obtained by the design of 3D-models in different CAD-systems.

The first system of RP (Rapid Prototyping) appeared in the U.S. in the early 90-ies. It was bulky, complex and very expensive machines that require special conditions for work and very inconvenient in the use. Technologies were evolving, and from 2000 year so-called 3D-printers began to appear. These RP-systems occupy less space; can operate in a conventional office and much easier in use.

The general principle of such devices – is building a model by layers. The digital model obtained from 3D-CAD is divided by software into thin, flat layers and sent to the printer. The printer builds, or as they say, grows the model layer by layer, until it is completed fully. Thus, from a technological point of view the different RP-systems are distinguished mainly by the construction of a flat layer, the used material and, of course, the thickness of a single layer.

It is believed that all the RP-systems use the technology of additive synthesis in some way – the model is obtained by adding the individual layers together. Hence there is one of the main advantages of rapid prototyping systems – the possibility of constructing models with a completely arbitrary geometry. We are able to divide the model into segments of absolutely any shape; and, in contrast to the machining, the time and cost of production will be determined only by the sizes of the model, rather than its geometry.

Printers of firm Objet is ideal for testing the design and construction of the products. Thanks to 16-micron thickness, prototypes are very close to the computer model that allows estimating realistically the projected product. Smooth surfaces, high accuracy (up to several microns), the minimum possible thickness of the elements allow obtaining quickly and easily the ideal prototypes of future products.

Company Objet Geometries (Israel) was founded in 1998 and, despite the relatively young age, found its niche very quickly in the global market of 3D-printers. The company specializes in developing of technologies 3D-printing, production of printers and consumables. The headquartered of the company is in Israel – there are manufacturing and research divisions. Company affiliates in the U.S., Europe and China are engaged in selling and servicing equipment in other industrialized countries, the company relies on local partners. Objet has over 50 patents and patent applications in the field of three-dimensional printing, a quarter of employees of the company work in R & D, improving the technology and developing on its basis new printers and supplies to them.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you come across such a problem too? Then you are invited to go to this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we live in the world of digital technologies. Bear in mind that modern Internet technologies give you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might want. Take advantage of them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to be aware of the latest publications on the subject sign up for the RSS feed on this blog.

One of the methods of “inkjet” printing – Polyjet – was developed by Israeli firm Objet Geometries.

The principle of operation is similar to the technology FDM, but only as basic consumables liquid photopolymer is used, which is applied in layers on the supporting surface, and then immediately cured by ultraviolet light. Printers Polyjet Eden can print with the accuracy determined by the minimum thickness of 16 microns (0.16 mm). Speed work – is about 20 mm / hour.

Objet Geometries have also developed more advanced technology – Polyjet Matrix: in printing it is used two different photopolymers in pre-set combinations: you can use two different solid materials, two different elastic and any combination of transparent material. Thus the technical prototype, for example, may have the same texture, which should be in the final product.

The cost of 3D printers – is 60-100 thousand dollars.

It is worth mentioning that the developments of Objet were used for creating multiple material images of Coraline from the cartoon “Coraline” – with the help of 3D-printers Israeli company managed for several months to do the same job that a dozen sculptors would have done manually for four years.

Several years ago Massachusetts Institute of Technology has developed, and the company Z Corporation commercialized method of color printing: its essence lies in the bonding powder of solid material – plaster, cellulose, ceramics, starch, etc. – by compound, squeezed out of the print head.

The thickness would be about 0, 1 mm, speed – up to 50 mm / hour, however, the resulting models may require specific treatment with fix composition or flexible polymers to provide greater strength and elasticity.

You do not need a particularly rich imagination to understand how widespread 3D-printers can be used. The most developed area – is rapid prototyping. 3D-printers are used as an aid in the design work in the aviation, engineering and automotive industries, in medicine (for modeling or prosthetic bodies) and even in the jewelry industry.

A few years ago it was put forward absolutely fantastic ideas: they said, as technologies improve, with the help of 3D-printers they will be able to print the entire chip, and even biological tissue. But that is what remains beyond science fiction.

Either way, their high price hinders the wide dissemination of these devices: three-dimensional models of the baseline are still worth 15 thousand dollars, that is, remain in the corporate price range.

A couple of years ago there were numerous rumors about the imminent fall of prices for a three-dimensional printing – so that the printers of this kind would become cheaper in 10-20, and even more, and they will be available to people of average income without too much trouble.

Now the relatively low cost is noted only at nonprofit projects – for example, Fab @ Home, Cornell University, where participants could concoct a workable 3D-printer of worth 2750 dollars that in four times less than the cheapest commercial developments.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever faced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to go to a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we are living in the world of high technologies. Keep in mind that current web technologies offer you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might want. Take advantage of them to search for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to keep abreast of the latest publications on the subject sign up for the RSS on this blog.

The term “prototype”, denoting a prototype, design, original, is related to literature and art, film and engineering, computer science and modeling. Using advanced technologies is applied in different branches of production:

1. Making copies of the body (body casting). According to custom order, the companies can manufacture prints, casts and sculptures absolutely accurate copies of any part of your body in 3D. Thanks to specially developed materials the process of removing copies becomes very technologically advanced and takes at least 30 minutes. Products of this type would be an excellent gift for a wedding, birthday, children’s holiday, make the design of any room exclusive.

2. Prototypes are used in the creation of souvenir products, which have no analogues. With the help of latest technologies of rapid prototyping any art workshop can produce absolutely exact copies of historical and cultural monuments.

3. You can order the production of emblems, badges, accessories, plaques, medals, plaques. Today it is becoming a popular manufacturer of advertising signs, graphics, and photographic reproductions with the bulk casting of the modern and durable materials. You will be able to transform the interior by an unusual manner and bring notes of individuality.

4. Using RP technologies, you can manufacture unusual makeup of any complexity. The attribute of real transformation will useful for actors, clowns, participants of show-groups, as well as all fans of extreme and unusual entertainment. For more spectacular transformation you can use the services of prototyping with the building of various parts of the face. The person changes beyond recognition. Amaze others! Fight the creative approach to life!

5. Another branch of technology 3D-prototyping is 3D-printing, which allows you to create a model of any complexity in a relatively short period of time. Thanks to 3D-printing, you can create a completely accurate model of any subject and the object: from the part of mobile phone to the factory or cottage village. With the help of specialized equipment, based on the principle of a layered model, a model is created with computer accuracy.

6. Today it is also a very popular the service of 3D-scanning. Three-dimensional scanner receives information about the object’s surface in the computer form and converts the three-dimensional object in three-dimensional image. Scope of using 3D-scanning is quite broad: engineering, architectural modeling, electronics, medicine, art.

3D-scanners belong to the variety of high-tech devices, which appointment seems quite obvious … until you begin to deal with this in detail. Then it turns out that it is not enough fantasy. In principle, most importantly, why three-dimensional scanners are needed- it is, of course, getting as far as possible the exact 3D-copies of material objects with minimal efforts. There are many technological solutions for it and range of application of such scanners is unexpectedly broad.

Theoretically, in the future it will be possible the use of such scanners even for a 3D-copies of people that will be used in some complicated filming – for example, stuntman, performing any tricks for implementing the main roles, you can “wrap” actors in three-dimensional models, so the difference will be generally invisible.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to show a product, design or model. Have you come across such a problem too? Then you are invited to go to this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we are living in the world of digital technologies. Bear in mind that current web technologies give you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might need. Make use of them to search for cheap rapid prototyping. If you want to keep abreast of new publications on the subject subscribe to the RSS on this blog.

Fused Deposition Modeling – FDM.

The idea of creating process belongs to Scott Crump, who soon after the invention in the late 80’s with his wife founded the company Stratasys. The main part of the printer that appeared in the market in 1991 is extruded head. The material (casting wax or plastic, arriving at the coils) is preheated to the melting temperature and fed into a zone press. The head moves in two coordinates, synthesizing a certain stratum of the model. Then the platform is lowered, creating the next layer, etc. FDM advantages include: the ease of adjustment from a non-toxic material to the other, low cost and relatively high performance, low temperature of processing, and minimal operator intervention in the functioning of the equipment.

At the same time this technology is not devoid of drawbacks: the seams are formed between the layers; head of the extruder must move constantly, otherwise the material will harden and clog it; it is possible stratification in the case of temperature fluctuations during the processing cycle. Estimated cost FDM-printer 50-220 thousand dollars

Layer Object Manufacturing – LOM.

To produce such a landscape model by hand more than one week of hard work would require. With the help of rapid prototyping technologies this procedure takes some hours.

LOM-technology was invented by Michael Feygin in 1985, and today on its basis such companies as Helisys, Paradigm and Sparx AB produce industrial installations. Sheet material (paper, plastics, ceramics, composites or polyester) is cut out from a given circuit with CO2-laser (you can cut out simultaneously more than one sheet, but the accuracy decreases) and then heated platen provides bonding layers. LOM-devices, estimated cost of which varies between 90-250 thousand dollars; allow to apply a wide range of inexpensive sheet materials and to synthesize a model with minimal deformation due to absence of physic-chemical transformations.

However, due to the fact that the laser not always cuts completely through the sheet, it is complicated the delete of waste and it is even possible damage of components, and material properties may change. It difficult to handle rough surface of the product because of the possibility of separation, and in the room ventilation is needed.

Solid Ground Curing – SGC.

Despite the “toy”, this model illustrates perfectly the possibilities of modern 3DP-systems

The process was developed by Israeli firm Cubital in 1987 and it is like a photocopy. With a special toner it is created photo mask (template) of model’s base on selectively charged glass plate. This photo mask is placed over a thin layer of photopolymer, distributed on the surface of the desktop, and then it is exhibited by ultraviolet lamp. As a result, a layer of photopolymer, which corresponds to the currently template, harden;, liquid residues are removed and the cavities are filled with molten wax, and it solidifies quickly.

Then the process repeats: a photo mask is created for the next section, on the desktop it is distributed a new layer of photopolymer, etc., SGC-technology has several advantages: the model is synthesized without the props and do not require further processing, the process can be suspended in order to remove defective layers, and later resume it.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to show a product, design or model. Have you ever experienced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to check out a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we live in the world of high technologies. Bear in mind that current Internet technologies give you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might want. Use them to search for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to keep track of new publications on the topic subscribe to the RSS feed on this blog.

Three-dimensional printers – are an exotic combination of words at first glance, but from a technological point of view there is nothing particularly outstanding in the process of “three-dimensional printing”: it is about layering three-dimensional objects, the print materials – is polymers, in this case – they are imposed not in a single layer on some plane, but gradually – to each other.

The first technology of this kind was developed in the mid 1980’s, and immediately received a very clear name – “stereo lithography”. Authorship of this idea and name and the company itself, which engaged in development and sales of stereo lithography machines is owned to engineer Charles Hull.

The principle of operation is relatively simple. The initial 3D model of the object (for example, created in CAD-package or any 3D-editor) is divided by special software into the set of cross sections (slices), and then the machine “bakes”, using ultraviolet laser, each such layer on the moving platform, submerged in bath with photopolymer composition (after the formation of each layer the platform is descended to a height of one layer, the laser is taken for baking the next layer).

Stereo lithography apparatus (SLA), on the one hand, have very high accuracy – the thickness can be within 0,025-0,05 mm and thus create a large enough sample (up to 75 cm in maximum dimensions), – on the other hand, such devices are very slow (speed does not exceed a few millimeters per hour), they are extremely cumbersome, and, moreover, expensive. The supplies are also expensive: the cost of polymers used for such printing, ranges from 300 to 800 dollars per gallon (ie, approximately 4.5 liters).

However, you will not be able to find cheap commercial 3D-printers on the market.

Variations on a theme of stereo lithography can be called technology Solid Ground Curing («bake by a solid surface”) and Fused Deposition Modelling. The second one especially is like a “usual” print on an inkjet printer: on the supporting platform, through a special nozzle it is fed thin filament of heated thermoplastic material, which is applied by vertical layers with a gradual production of bulk shapes.

The material hardens almost immediately.

If you compare Stereo lithography and FDM, the first wins definitely in the first degree of accuracy: the minimum thickness at FDM-machines is 0, 12-0, 17 mm. But FDM can get colored prototypes than Stereo lithography sets cannot boast.

In 2006 Forbes identified FDM as the most popular method of 3D printing, which is likely due to its relatively low cost: entry-level models are less than 20 thousand dollars, and recently the company Stratasys, producing FDM- printers announced “home” version of the device with the stated price less than 15 thousand dollars.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you come across such a problem too? Then you are invited to visit this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we live in the world of high technologies. Keep in mind that current web technologies give you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might want. Make use of them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to be aware of the latest publications on the subject subscribe to the RSS on this blog.

The most promising for the introduction of three-dimensional printing is considered the market of geoinformation systems, where using it with minimal errors it is created plans of sites, projects of buildings or landscapes. For example, 3D-model is indispensable for the analysis and presentation of urban development projects, it will provide for the historians an opportunity to recreate the appearance of the ancient city, for ecologists – to evaluate the effects on the environment.

The property to synthesize quickly the required number of training models allows solving many problems of the education sector. In addition, RP is quite widely used in medicine to build models of internal organs, prostheses and implants, in technological processes – for disposable molds. In the automotive branch three-dimensional models can be used not only for visual assessment, but for some functional tests (e.g., blowing of future car in a wind tunnel). It is served the individual attention the marketing aspects of RP – from improving the quality of customer service (thanks to the demonstration of full-color prototypes of products) and up to three-dimensional advertising. By the way, just this scope can become a “meeting place” two-and three-dimensional printing, where the latter will take over part of the orders of first one.

Perhaps one of the most exotic ranges of applications of RP – is an individual print of shoes. London Prior 2 Lever (P2L) announced about the beginning of the provision of such services, which have been designed for professional athletes. The idea is that the shape of the potential owner’s feet sneakers is scanned by laser in order to build a digital model, and then the customer should wear special sensor insoles and perform a series of exercises. Based on the received information, the shoes are “built” by layered laser sintering.

Not far off printing of devices with e-filling – in any case, scientists are already working in this direction. Using stereo lithography method, printer should inflict layer by layer conducting and semiconducting polymers, forming the desired circuits until the gadget is ready.

Professional systems of rapid prototyping are cumbersome and expensive devices that do not have domestic use yet. However, the first laser printer’s cost was several hundred thousand dollars.

So far, the most accessible are the printers of solid objects (3D-printer) that build physical models of low-cost material with one or more inkjet heads like an ordinary printer. Of course, they do not provide high accuracy and durability of the finished prototype, but their mechanical properties are sufficient for visualization. But the cost of the project, produced at a 3D-printer, is only $ 10.05 USD

Any special equipment or space is not required for placing the device: like a usual printer, it can be installed directly in the office, at the workplace of 3D-artist or designer. In addition, 3D-printers do not use hazardous materials and processes.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to show a product, design or model. Have you ever experienced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to visit this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we are living in the world of high technologies. Bear in mind that modern online technologies give you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might require. Make use of them to search for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to keep abreast of new publications on the topic subscribe to the RSS feed on this blog.

Rapid prototyping has become an essential part of the design process. The development of use the computer solid modeling provides rapid spread of the technologies and reduce their market prices, it is increased the quality of materials and precision of manufacturing models. All this suggests that these technologies and system of 3D-printing will occupy an increasingly prominent place in our lives, and in the near future RP-system will be available to any user, and become familiar tools of the artist and designer.

We will look through the most widespread technologies of Rapid Prototyping.

Stereolithography (STL).

In the mid 80-ies Charles Hull saw the idea of his future RP-system in the property of photopolymers to harden under influence of ultraviolet radiation. STL-unit is equipped with a container with a liquid polymer, in which it is immersed in a flat rack so that it would be seen barely.

Under the influence of computer-controlled radiation it is hardened layer with thickness of a few hundredths of a millimeter, and the shelf falls down and then covered with liquid. Then everything repeats – as a result the ultraviolet light beam “paints” a three-dimensional shape.

It is this process has become the most widespread among the other RP-systems. Perhaps the most significant discomfort of this system – is the need of creating supporting elements, if the area of the upper cross-section of the detail is more than lower one. Having received a patent for stereo lithography, Hull founded a commercial company 3D Systems, which in 1987 introduced the first public STL-printer. The share of this company, offering a number of different types of plants of cost from 65 to 490 thousand dollars, is slightly less a half of all market of RP systems.

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS).

SLS method was invented by Carl Deckard in 1986 and it is used by such companies such as, for example, DTM Corporation and EOS. The substance of technology is in layer sintering of powder material by laser radiation. In the chamber it is previously heated, almost reaching the melting point. After leveling the powder on the surface processing zones by CO2 laser it is sintered the desired shape, then it is poured a new layer, leveled, and the process repeats. The finished model is removed from the chamber, and the excess powder is removed.

Using a wide range of inexpensive and non-toxic materials (powdered polymers, casting wax, nylon, ceramics, metal powders), low strain and stress, the ability to make simultaneously several models in one chamber – all this provides SLS fairly high ratings in the market of rapid prototyping systems. However, the obtained products have a rough and porous structure, and if you change the material, it is required the cleansing of the entire chamber. The cost of these devices is about 400 thousand dollars.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to show a product, design or model. Have you ever faced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to go to a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we live in the world of digital technologies. Bear in mind that current Internet technologies offer you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might need. Take advantage of them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to be aware of the latest publications on the subject sign up for the RSS feed on this blog.

Research by Royal Doulton have shown that despite the high cost of stereo lithography devices in the design and manufacture of dinnerware there are separate areas where their use can be very effective, for example, manufacturing crockery for use on board of aircrafts. These studies are carried by graphic designer of the company Richard Delaney in preparation for his dissertation on design. In particular, he compared the cost of developing a new design teapot using traditional methods of manufacturing physical models and using devices of rapid prototyping.

Conceptual design of a new kettle was carried out in a special package of firm Royal Doulton. For obtaining 3D models, suitable for transmission on the device of rapid prototyping, data from this package were transmitted to the system PowerSHAPE, which had much higher precision geometric constructions needed for manufacture of both prototypes and production tooling. In addition, PowerSHAPE can get a fully closed STL file required for successful work of SLA.

In addition, in PowerSHAPE it has been completely rebuilt the model handle, because the design package was unable to ensure its constant thickness.

STL file obtained in PowerSHAPE was transferred to the bureau of rapid prototyping Rover Group, where SLA model was made. This model consisted of four parts: the main body of the kettle, cap for special technological holes in the bottom of the kettle (which accounts for leave for sink of photopolymer), spout, lid.

The obtained model had a reasonably good appearance for use in presentations. Usually, presentation models are painted in white color and covered with varnish to get a “porcelain” look, but in this project it was decided not to do this so that you can clearly explain to all concerned the substance of stereo lithography technology.

The main advantage of rapid prototyping technology – is the speed of getting a physical model. In this example, the model of average complexity was obtained in three times faster than using traditional methods. Even more significant gain in time can be obtained on complex models with embossed decorations. The technology of rapid prototyping can also greatly accelerate the process of amending in the design of the product.

For product of type of selected for the study teapot with rapid prototyping it is possible to simulate not only the outside surface, but inside one. It allows getting a prototype, fully emulating the finished product, in which you can pour water and see how it will be convenient to use this teapot, pouring water into a cup, check the ergonomics and balance of the product. The model obtained by the traditional way has no such opportunities.

Despite all these advantages. I think that about 30% higher cost SLA prototypes can be justified only in certain projects, where time is crucial factor. One of such areas for Royal Doulton is the production of thin ceramic tableware for airlines. The firm is the world’s largest producer of such utensils, among its customers such airlines: British Airways, All Nippon, Air Canada and more than 70 others. The new design dishes in this market are usually associated with a complete restyling of interior liner and must be made in a short time. Customers tend to take a decision on the choice of design only seen the proposed model on a computer screen, then you must immediately submit a physical model for final approval and launch into production. Therefore, in such projects increased cost of SLA models are paied off quickly.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you come across such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to visit a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we are living in the world of high technologies. Bear in mind that modern web technologies offer you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might require. Take advantage of them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to be aware of new publications on the topic subscribe to the RSS on this blog.

Three-dimensional modeling has become an integral part of the creation of complex architectural and technological facilities. After the development it should be mandatory the embodiment of 3D-models in hard copy, which previously required a long time and the work of several specialists. To date an opportunity to accelerate this process has appeared – with the help of rapid prototyping technology (RP).

People often use instead of more exact term Rapid Prototyping (RP) the term “three-dimensional printing» (3D-printing, 3DP). In essence, it is almost true, if you look at the process from outside – an analogy with the usual printer appear immediately, especially taking into account resemblance of these devices.

The main benefit of 3d printing over traditional methods of obtaining models is speed. I give an example: the production of the model by hand or using machine tools can take several weeks or even months that result in higher costs for product development and a significant increase in timing of the issuance of new products, especially if the design errors were made.

The systems of rapid prototyping have no virtually these deficiencies, because using them you can obtain a ready-made model within a few days, hours or minutes – depending on its complexity. Current requirements for the timing of development and production of finished products has led that many of the well-known brands (e.g., Adidas, Audi, BMW, Ford, Fisher-Price, Lufthansa, Sony, Volkswagen) have already made it into service.

Basic technologies.

Nowadays there are many technologies that implement the required; we will consider the most widespread technology- 3D-printing.

Three-dimensional printing, perhaps, the closest to usual one, was developed and patented by Professor Ely Sachs in the late 80-ies. During the process the dye and binder through the ink-jet print heads are distributed in accordance with a given program to pre-deposition of a thin layer of powder and immediately frozen.
The device for creating 3D-objects is very similar to ordinary printer of professional class.

After completion of the formation of one level and automatically checks its thickness the work starts on next one. Depending on the type of glue and powder the properties of the model will be different – it even possible to make it elastic or use it as molds for casting.

I must say that the objects created by 3DP technologies have rather coarse textured surface and a lower strength than that produced by RP-systems of other types, but these drawbacks are eliminated with the help of hand finish – soaking glue, wax or other special substances. But it takes in 5-10 less time for printing such a model takes than using other technologies for rapid prototyping.

Currently six companies have licenses, entitling them to produce such devices. The largest of them – ZCorporation – presented on the market under the brand of Danish manufacturer of large format scanners Contex. The range consists of two printers, monochrome – DESIGNmate Mx and full color – DESIGNmate Cx value of 40 thousand dollars.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever faced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to check out this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we live in the world of digital technologies. Bear in mind that current web technologies offer you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might need. Use them to search for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to keep abreast of the latest publications on the topic subscribe to the RSS on this blog.

The creation of any new product begins with prototyping.

The purpose of creating the qualitative prototype is an exact repetition of geometric shapes, the collection, and appearance of the detail and finds materials that are most similar to the questions. It is very convenient the rapid prototyping technologies – the layered synthesis of the prototype on the computer model of the product. Such a prototype allows evaluating the appearance of the detail, checking elements of the design, and making the necessary tests to obtain a master model for subsequent casting. RP-technologies in prototyping reduce significantly the time frame for the production; allow abandoning from long and laborious step of manufacture of prototypes by hand or on the machine tools.

The prototype is built using a solid model of the CAD-system or model with closed surface contours. This model is dissected into thin layers in cross section, using special software. Each layer has a thickness equal to the resolution of the equipment on z-coordinate. It must be retained allowance for machining. The detail is build up layer by layer in such a way in order to receive a physical prototype.

The scheme of equipment for prototyping is roughly the same: a thin layer of material is deposited on the desk, elevator of the device, which reproduces the first cross-section of the product, then the elevator is moved down one step and the next layer is applied. The model of desired product is constructed layer by layer in such a way.

There are many technologies of prototyping. The main difference between them is a prototyping material and method of its application.

Stereo lithography. It is the first and most common method of prototyping. It has a fairly low cost of the prototype. The method is based on the layer-by-layer solidification of liquid photo polymer by a laser beam, directed by scanning system. It is used semi-rigid and fragile material. It is well treated, glued, painted, but it is subject to warping under the influence of atmospheric moisture. Surfaces have good quality.

Technology SLS – laser sintering of powder materials. It uses powder plastic, metal or ceramics as working material. First, it is applied a thin layer of powder on the surface, then it is sintered by a laser beam. The solid mass is formed, which corresponds to the cross section of the model and determines the geometry of the detail. The prototypes obtained by this technology have good mechanical properties.

Technology FDM – layering imposition of the molten polymer threads. Threads in this case are taken from ABS, polycarbonate or wax. Thermoplastic is extruded through a special head with a certain temperature, moving with a semi-liquid state. Then it is applied with thin layer on a stationary base with very high accuracy. Layers solidify and unite with each other. The technology is used to obtain individual samples of products.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to show a product, design or model. Have you come across such a problem too? Then you are invited to go to a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we are living in the world of digital technologies. Bear in mind that current web technologies give you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might want. Make use of them to search for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to be aware of new publications on the subject sign up for the RSS feed on this blog.

Rapid Prototyping (RP) – is a process of layered constructing a physical model (prototype) in accordance with the geometry of 3D models. RP – is the technology of fast prototyping, rapid creation of prototypes or working model of the system for demonstration to the customer or check the possibility of realization.

The term is used in information technologies to describe the rapid development of software (RAD), and in the technologies associated with production of physical prototypes of the details. RAD (Rapid application development) – is the concept of development of software that pays special attention to the speed and ease of programming, the creation technological process, allowing the programmer to create very quickly computer programs.

In the early 1980’s it is began to develop intensively the technologies of formation of three-dimensional object not by removing material or modification the form of the billet, but by progressive jointing(appendix) of the material or verification in the phase state of the substance in a given place of space.

The building processes are largely automated and let obtain high quality and relatively inexpensive models, spending on their production hours, not days and weeks, as it was when using traditional methods. The use of RP technology can significantly reduce the time and cost of design and construction works, works on manufacturing tooling, as well as to improve the quality of products.

The ranges of applications of these models are: exhibition samples, prototypes and designs to verify the collection, construction and style. It is also used for getting master models for replication in silicone forms.

Manufactured prototypes can be used as a replacement of wax models for the process of investment casting. It is decreased the production time and high cost of tools; models made from plaster provide improved accuracy and quality of surface finish and simplify technology of support operations. Elements of prototypes can be manufactured in the form of finished assembly. Minimum wall thickness may not be less than 0, 5 mm from considerations of strength.

Prototyping is a mandatory step in the development of any new product. Creating a quality prototype, maximally similar to the future product, – is not an easy task. We have to solve the problem of the exact repetition of geometric shapes, the collection, look and find materials that are most similar to the specified. Modern prototype allows not only to assess quickly the appearance of the details, but also to check the structural elements which carry out the necessary tests, to produce a master model for subsequent casting. Using RP-prototyping technologies is capable reduced time frame for the production on 50 – 80%, to eliminate completely the lengthy and time-consuming step of prototypes by hand or machine tools.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to show a product, design or model. Have you come across such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to go to this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we are living in the world of digital technologies. Keep in mind that current Internet technologies offer you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might require. Use them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. If you want to keep track of new publications on the subject subscribe to the RSS feed on this blog.

Having replaced the traditional methods of physical models for future industrial production (manufacture of plastic foam, wood, wax, hand or even on CNC machines), rapid prototyping systems have made a genuine revolution. They opened the inexhaustible possibilities for creative engineers and designers in various industries.

Today in many areas of business three-dimensional (3d) model of real objects are increasingly demanded. People model products, cars, houses. Visualization – is the most reliable way to preview and objective assessment of the outcome of the project, because the three-dimensional models have a high level of interactivity and realism. And it has become quite easy to get them due to the development of computer technology.

Go to the visual world.

To construct 3d-models, it is used a physical object, its photos or 2d-images (thumbnails). And if it is more or less clear with the latter two methods, since it is successfully combined the growing capability of the planar-up and processing the data using sophisticated computer programs, how to be with a real object? You will agree, it cannot be inserted in the scanner. But we would like to behold how it will be seen, for example, invented new aileron on the existing airplane wing.

But nothing could be simpler! To do this, there is non-contact laser 3d-scanning of surface of objects (technical products, architectural elements, etc.) with subsequent processing of electronic data obtained using special software. The experts have hand-held laser scanners. Here are the advantages of such devices:

• The possibility of 3d-scanning of bulky and heavy objects on the ground;

• High speed and quality of scanning facilities;

• Application of laser 3d-scanning does not cause mechanical damage and other types of scanned objects;

• The ability to convert files under different software to work with 3d-objects;

• The possibility of creating 3d-images of objects, touching to which is undesirable or impossible in principle.

Reverse engineering – is a means of obtaining three-dimensional data in computerized form from physical models or products. It has clear advantages, coupled with effective use of other technologies to save time. This technology adds flexibility in the development of future models, and in the production of prototypes.

Designer is not obliged more to limit his imagination beyond the traditional methods of production. Now he can do such geometric forms that were previously impossible to be executed. With the help of prototyping of models you may build internal structures and cavities. Focusing on the final product, the designer can express his individuality in “free” three-dimensional geometry.

All the world’s leading automakers are using CAD / CAM technology and laser-3d-scan in the design and manufacture of automobiles. According to these technologies, body parts of new models are designed with the help of computers; it is created the base of mathematical 3d-models, functioning as a reference.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to show a product, design or model. Have you ever faced such a problem too? Then you are invited to visit a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we are living in the world of high technologies. Bear in mind that current online technologies give you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might require. Take advantage of them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to keep track of new publications on the subject sign up for the RSS on this blog.

Mastering of technologies CAD / CAM / CAE and application of laser 3d-scanner accelerated significantly the process of designing and manufacturing of new models of cars, reduced the number of stages in the manufacture of dies. It has become available modern methods of operative control of the geometry of parts and components, including the use of equipment for the 3d-scan.

CAD / CAM technology and 3d-scan technology are widely used to improve the quality of already produced models. The base of mathematical models is created on the basis of existing pattern equipment (master model) with technology reverse-engineering.

All surface of the detail is being scanned during 5-30 minutes. In this case the final result represents a “cloud of points» of 1.3 million pixels, which makes it possible to determine accurately even small structural elements. These mathematical models of parts allow producing quickly the quality control and adjustment of equipment, improving the geometry of the body.

Moreover, rapid prototyping makes it possible to obtain not only the drawings and plans in 3d-representation by converting electronic data of format stl, coming from CAD-systems, but also the physical parts-prototypes without their instrumental manufacture. Prototypes of engineering products, the creation of prototypes and models of buildings of architectural structures (design), interior decor, new design solutions – this is not a complete list of what in a few hours it can be converted from digital 3d-models in the physical model, ie a prototype!

The need in developing of new products and accelerated production amplifies the effect on the shift from instrumental, classical modeling techniques to new, more flexible, using rapid prototyping technology (RP). Manufacture of prototypes and functional prototypes directly from digital data using the revolutionary technology, such as selective laser sintering (sls) will help to achieve the goal of maximum economy of time.

The surfaces, defined according to 3d-scanning, are processed and transformed into a model that should be exported to a file of new format. STL-file – is standard input data for any process of rapid prototyping. Shifting the STL-file on the machine for rapid prototyping, you can make copies of the scanned model. And sometimes this is the only way to recreate a unique product which has no design documentation.

In the process of manufacturing three-dimensional model in the digitized file is virtually cut into thin layers. The machine is guided on them. After all, in essence a rapid prototyping (RP) – is a layer by layer modeling of solid construction in accordance with the geometry of the CAD-model. Innovative technology creates a prototype layer by layer, using the original material.
The building processes are largely automated and allow obtain high quality and relatively inexpensive model, spending on their production hours, not days and weeks, as when using traditional methods.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever faced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to go to this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we are living in the world of digital technologies. Bear in mind that modern Internet technologies offer you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might require. Take advantage of them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to keep track of the latest publications on the subject subscribe to the RSS feed on this blog.

The indirect method of rapid tooling includes:

- Ceramic tooling. Instead of epoxy compositions for getting forming parts it can be used ceramic composition. It is used for a variety of technologies for plastic / plastic parts, sheet forming of metals and metal casting. This technology complements the deposited metal, where the coating / deposition of metals is technically difficult to achieve.

- Metal tooling (cast). This is one of the oldest methods, involving getting of forming parts by investment casting or centrifugal casting. Today virtually any RP technology allows getting the tool of the second order (process models) for this process. There are special systems for investment casting in the vacuum.

- Smelted metal rods. They are used to formalize the inner surfaces of hollow parts (reservoirs, air ducts, etc.) It is non-shrink alloys, having a melting point 90-150S. Thanks to its heat capacity and thermal conductivity, the inserts incorporated into the mold for the design of internal cavities do not lose their geometry. After receiving the plastic part, these insertions are melted under the influence of prolonged high-temperature exposure. Material is suitable for 100% recycling.

- The process of 3D Keltool TM. The technology of this process involves the use of silicone as an intermediate form of technological stages. Silicone molds is filled with a mixture of steel powder, tungsten carbide and polymeric powder with average particle size of 5 nanometers. Polymer powder acts as a binder of steel particles. Later, with the help of process of infiltration, a plastic binder component is replaced by copper. Promotional materials inform about the possibility of achieving stability of the snap-in 1,000,000 cycles.

The direct method is based on obtaining forming tooling parts directly from computer mathematical models. According to the classification the “direct methods” are divided into 2 groups:

- “Firm tooling”. It is less expensive and shorter processes in time used in the refinement stages of production and pre-production, when changing the object of production does not entail significant amounts of engineering processing. This rapid tooling usually fills the gap between the “soft tooling” and “hard tooling” and is used to get from 50 to several hundreds of castings using the same materials as in the main traditional manufacturing.

- “Hard tooling” – Methods of getting forming parts of pre-production and production tooling of medium and large series. Developed technologies “Hard Tooling” are based on the sintering of powdered metals (steel, iron or copper) with following infiltration by copper or bronze.
It should be noted that the decision to start development of technology Rapid Tooling and Rapid Prototyping by businesses requires careful preliminary study on a number of fundamental reasons, which include the following:

- In addition to the relatively high prices of basic equipment it is required a sufficiently large variety of auxiliary equipment and materials.
- The staff must have specific knowledge, skills and experience.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to show a product, design or model. Have you ever experienced such a problem too? Then you are invited to check out a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we are living in the world of high technologies. Bear in mind that current online technologies give you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might require. Take advantage of them to search for cheap rapid prototyping. If you want to keep abreast of new publications on the subject subscribe to the RSS feed on this blog.

In recent years the technologies of rapid prototyping achieved significant success in reducing the duration of their receipt and range of materials, but for a modern manufacturing plant a problem of receiving party or a small series of commercial products are very important. Reasons can be different, the most common are:

- Manufacturing of production which volumes over the entire life cycle does not exceed ten thousands. Usually it is objects of special instrumentation; duration of release is determined by competition, and production volumes – the number of consumers known in advance.

- Production of advanced batches in parallel with the preparation of mass production and basic tooling. This is true for complex products of common instrument, where the duration of the release of the new products to market is significant, and the factor of market leadership for the exit date of production is critical.

- Production of small series and pilot lots of high-tech and / or high-tech facilities to conduct marketing studies or pre-testing. This is usually the objects of mass production, where the competition at the level of functional properties has reached its limit. In this situation, in the first place in the fight for consumer preferences the ergonomics and design, appearance and packaging-forging go out. The volume of these parties varies mainly from 10 to 2000 pieces.

- Production of pilot lots of products for the preliminary, assessment and other tests. The aim is to obtain details of determining the quality of consumer products that affect the safety of production, or determining the effect of other influences, regulated by law. To solve this task, using substitute materials is unacceptable. In addition to materials for the manufacture goods of this group it is used the same technological processes that in main manufacture.

These tasks are classified on a method of getting forming parts of equipment and technology of getting the details in this snap.

The indirect method is based on obtaining equipment using the tool of the second order. Typically, as the instruments of the second order it is the same prototype, obtained by using one of the methods of rapid prototyping. With its help it is defined the surface of forming parts of equipment. The most widely used:

- Flexible (silicone) forms are best suited for getting of 20-50 castings (”soft tooling”). They are most commonly used for copying polyurethane parts and pieces of wax.

- Epoxy forms. They have a much wider range of applications: molds for injection molding, mold casting technology to RIM, forming models and core boxes for metallurgy, wax patterns for investment casting, dies for forming sheet materials, equipment for the thermo / vacuum forming, etc.

- Metal form, obtained by surface deposition (sputtering, deposition). The result is a nickel or zinc forming layer, subsequently strengthened by various engineering methods. Resistance of equipment may reach 10 000 rent.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to show a product, design or model. Have you ever faced such a problem too? Then you are invited to check out this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we live in the world of high technologies. Bear in mind that modern Internet technologies give you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might need. Use them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. If you want to be aware of the latest publications on the subject subscribe to the RSS on this blog.

Technology Stereo Lithography (SLA). It is based on curing a photosensitive liquid polymer under the effect of exposure of ultraviolet radiation (UV). It lets get prototypes and samples with different physical and mechanical properties. It is primarily used for prototyping to verify design and collection, as well as master models for further replication in silicone forms. It is developed supplies which allow us to obtain functional prototypes with different physical and mechanical properties, heat resistance, transparency, etc.

Technology overview: The model is built on a platform that moves in the direction of the construction of models (Z) and inside the tub with liquid polymer. Ultraviolet radiation is produced by helium-cadmium, or fixed transmitter (laser gun) and is positioned on the polymer surface with a movable mirror. Absorption and dispersion of the light beam occurs only directly in the vicinity of the surface, resulting in the formation of three-dimensional pixels (volume elements). After polymerization of the current cross-section details the model is immersed in a bath on the value of the thickness of the next hardened layer. The thickness of the layer and the surface is calibrated by special scraper – Raquel. The range of settings allows you to receive details with dimensions 500х500х500 mm. Accuracy of laser positioning is + / – 0,25 mm.

Technology Selective Laser Sintering (SLS). The technology is based on sintering of finely dispersed particles of consumables under the influence of CO2 laser. Consumable (powder) is preheated to a temperature close to the melting temperature of the material (or glue). In the market there are equipment of the two companies – world leaders “DTM” and “EOS”, differing in the flexibility of supplies. As supplies it is used a variety of special plastics (including glass fiber), sand and metal powders. As a result of the use of technology you can get functional prototypes of plastic parts, sand molds and cores for the steel industry, the models for investment casting and metal parts or pieces forming elements molds. This technology is used primarily for single functional prototypes or as an alternative to replication in silicone forms for getting the party of details in a few dozen copies.

Technology overview: The current cross-section of the detail is sintered by laser on the value of the layer consumables (about 0, 15 mm.). After that, the platform is lowered by the amount of the next layer; the next portion of consumables is released from the cartridge, applied and calibrated by rolling roller. Device DTM Sinterstation 2500 plus allows you to receive details with dimensions up to 300х330х430 mm.

Technology MCP / HEK. It is an effective method of getting small parties by casting in a vacuum in the flexible silicone molds without making major equipment. As expendable material for obtaining copies it is used two-component polyurethane. The technology allows receiving copies of a 100% similarity in geometry and texture of the surface (including pad printing, label marker on a glossy surface). It is possible receiving of non-transparent parts and transparent, colorless and colored (lighting elements). It is also possible to obtain the elastic elements (seals, damping elements, shoe soles, etc.) The silicone form made by master model allows you to make an average of 10 – 25 copies, and then you must repeat the process.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever experienced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to check out a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we live in the world of digital technologies. Keep in mind that current online technologies offer you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might need. Make use of them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to keep track of new publications on the topic subscribe to the RSS feed on this blog.

The number of challenges facing today’s manufacturers from different industries is as large as existing alternatives to address them. It is difficult to understand them, not to mention the comparison of economic and other indicators of the appropriateness of applying.

Suggested methods for rapid prototyping and replication differ according to the type of consumables and methods of exposure to such a material.

All the technologies of rapid prototyping are usually referred to the methods based on the addition of material (in contrast to the classical mechanical treatment). The technologies are adopted to classify according to the type of consumables (liquid, powder and solid sheet).

The processes that use liquid consumables are subdivided, in turn, in the curing processes through contact with the laser, solidification of electro charged liquids or pre-hardening molten material.

The processes that use powdered materials carry a bond of particles through the laser or the selective application of binder components. Processes that use as consumables solid sheet can be classified by the method of their connection – a laser, or a layer of adhesive.

Let us examine in more detail two technologies.

Helisys (LOM). It is one of the cheapest technologies RP. It is especially effective for the manufacture of solid-state components and parts with a wall thickness of 3 mm. It is used mainly to assess the style, constructive solutions. In appearance the prototypes produced by this technology are similar to wood ones. In physical characteristics – wood are superior and used in metallurgical production for tooling (casting into the ground, casting investment casting). Also the prototypes obtained by this technology are used as master models for replication in silicone forms of technology MCP / HEK. The surface can be painted and brought to the simulation of plastic or plastic. The prototypes are water-resistant and environmentally safe.

Brief description of the technology: The detail is cultivated by successive layer-gluing of special thermal paper. At each layer the corresponding cross section is cut by laser. After completion of construction the embracing excess material is removed. Device LOM 1015 allow receive details of dimensions to 381-254-355 mm, positioning accuracy of laser + / -0.25 mm. Prototypes with large dimensions are made in installments with subsequent assembly. It is guaranteed the compliance with the collected details of the design documentation.

Technology Stratasys (FDM). The technology of aimed melting allows getting prototypes and designs of ABS – plastic and melting wax. This technology is the most effective for getting thin-walled parts. The range of applications – are exhibition samples, prototypes and designs to verify the collection, design and style. They are also used for getting master models for replication in silicone forms. The models made of high-melting wax are used in metallurgy for investment casting.

Brief description of the technology: Consumables in the filamentous form is fed into an injection head, where it is heated to the melting temperature and extruded through a nozzle. Head moves along the contour of the current cross-section details, and squeezed material, congealing, forms a part layer by layer. Device FDM 2000 can receive details of up to 245-245-245 mm. Positioning accuracy of the injection head is + / – 0, 25 mm.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to show a product, design or model. Have you ever experienced such a problem too? Then you are invited to check out this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we live in the world of high technologies. Keep in mind that current online technologies give you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might want. Take advantage of them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to keep abreast of the latest publications on the topic subscribe to the RSS feed on this blog.

Modern technologies of rapid prototyping are very expensive and not everyone can afford to use them. We offer a more effective solution with minimal investment of money and greater opportunities. Example: the cost of equipment for rapid prototyping of our technology fits into the sum of $ 700 up to $ 2000. Manufacturing cost of this remarkable technology of the prototype, an example of the same subject, a 1000 cc is from $ 10-15. Minor deficiencies exist, but they overlap the low price and simplicity of technology.

Easy of the use technology Proto 3D objects.

The idea of Proto 3D technology is based on the classical principle of rapid prototyping, layered manufacturing of the subject. Unlike other technologies, our technology of used equipment for manufacturing the prototype used in conventional cutting (plotters “boat”). Advertising agencies usually use them in order to cut the advertising boards and signs on self-adhesive vinyl film. Prices for cutting plotters start at $ 400 on the models with a cutting area of 20 cm. Chinese models of cutting plotters are about 1000-1500 $ c 60 cm cutting area, this is more than enough. Cutting plotter is the only equipment that we need for the technology of rapid prototyping.

Recall prices on professional equipment, which starts from 20 thousand dollars and reaches a million – it is a huge difference. The process begins with the creation of 3d models in programs for 3d modeling … 3DMax, Maya, Rino, Zbrush, SolidWorks, Autocad and others.

What we did not come up with a model on a computer, you can get it in a few hours in the real object. What the scope it opens for creativity of sculptors, 3D designers, advertisers, and many business people who can discern in this technology a huge business potential. Such technology is a real boon for companies engaged in the art of casting metals or plastics, sculpture studio, advertising agencies, art students, artists. The technology will expand opportunities in areas such as, molding liquid marble, gypsum, plastics in flexible molded shapes, production of interior and garden sculptures, reliefs, columns, fireplaces, souvenir and premium products. The finished model is transferred to (format stl) which is designed for stereo lithography.

All of these programs allow you to convert 3d model in this format. Sometimes, if necessary, the 3D model is corrected in specialized programs, working with (stl files). Then 3d model is ready for materialization in the real object that can be touched. Model in a special program is cut into thin layers, which are automatically numbered and displayed on the cutting plotter in the available materials.

Then all the layers, using special technology, are glued together, and we have materialized 3D model with a fairly high accuracy (error within 0, 5-1 mm.)

Cost of such a model will be cheaper in many times than the cost of manufacturing such a model in any other way. The model with the dimensions 10h10kb.sm will be no more than $ 10-15, and you can do anything you want with the given prototype. You can make, for example, a flexible form for the casting and thus multiply your souvenir, or use it as a visual aid in your presentation, depends only on you!

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever experienced such a problem too? Then you are invited to go to this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we live in the world of digital technologies. Keep in mind that modern online technologies offer you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might need. Make use of them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. If you want to keep abreast of new publications on the subject subscribe to the RSS on this blog.

Prototyping – is a quick “rough” implementation of the basic functionality for analysis of the system as a whole. After the phase of prototyping the stages of reviewing the system architecture, design, implementation and testing of the final product must follow. During the design phase it is prepared the system of the tests, on which work it will be judged the quality of the product.

What is the prototype of the digital models.

Imagine that every object around us can be cut into many smaller objects, and then in the same sequence the object can be reassembled.

Why is it necessary?

If a company engaged in cast metal, plastic, liquid marble, gypsum, etc., needed the items, or forms of smaller or larger than the already existing object, how to solve this problem. For this solution we need a computer and installed programs for modeling 3D models. For modeling it is used 3D programs such 3DMax, Maya, Rino, Zbrush and other CAD programs that allow you to create 3D computer models.

At the first in 3D program it is created a model of the object that they want to get in finished form; created 3D model is transferred to (stl, format) which is used in devices for rapid prototyping. In a special program 3D model is cut into thin layers. Then they are grown by layers in the installation for rapid prototyping. We get an exact copy of created 3D computer model in any scale. But this equipment costs from $ 20.000 to one million dollars.

The technology of rapid prototyping provides a great opportunity to creative people of certain professions, such as 3D designers, sculpture workshops, art students, as well as firms engaged in artistic casting from metal or plastic molding liquid marble, plaster, plastic injection molding in a flexible form, as well as advertisers, creating interior and garden sculptures, reliefs, columns, fireplaces, souvenir and premium products, and many business people. It all depends on your imagination. You can get in a few hours that was created on your computer, It seems to be fine, but the price of the equipment is too large to $ 20.000.

Not every solid company can buy such equipment; I am not talking about small advertising firms and enterprises. The prime cost of manufactured prototype ranges from 1 to 5 $ per 1 cu. see

In order to orient better, imagine any object of the size 10-10kb.sm., this prototype will be released in price from 500 to 5000 dollars; it all depends on the equipment used for manufacture of the prototype. It is not surprisingly, that a few people use the services of rapid prototyping. If all it would be available and cost a penny, it would be great opportunities for all people.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to show a product, design or model. Have you come across such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to go to a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we are living in the world of digital technologies. Keep in mind that current web technologies give you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might need. Make use of them to search for cheap rapid prototyping. If you want to be aware of the latest publications on the topic sign up for the RSS feed on this blog.

3D printing (design and prototyping) is a certain kind of know-how, and not everyone understands “how it works and why it is needed.

Three-dimensional modeling has become an integral part of the creation of complex architectural and technological facilities. After design of 3D model in electronic form, the next step – is its mandatory realization in the hardcopy that previously required a long time and work of several specialists. To date we have a practical opportunity to accelerate this process – with the help of rapid prototyping technologies (Rapid Prototyping).

Instead of more precise term Rapid Prototyping (RP), people often prefer to use the term “three-dimensional printing» (3D-printing, 3DP). What is a 3D Printer? Traditionally, the word “printer” means the device that outputs some information on the paper. Paper – is always a plane and information displayed on it – a two-dimensional one. Therefore, traditional printers can be called “2D printers”.

Three-dimensional or 3D printer – is a device of output of three-dimensional data (typically, the bulk geometry). In other words the result of its work is some physical object. There are several technologies of volumetric (three-dimensional, 3D) printing, but the basis of any of them is in the principle of layer creation (many people like the word – growth) of solid geometry.

The main advantage of three-dimensional printing over traditional methods of creating models is speed. For comparison: the production of the model by hand or using machine tools can take several weeks or even months, resulting to higher costs for product development and a significant increase in terms of new products.

The systems of rapid prototyping have no virtually these deficiencies, because with their help you can get ready-made model within a few days, hours or minutes – depending on its complexity.

Why the technology of prototyping is needed and what its scope? The first and the most fundamental in the industry – mainly for rapid prototyping – are to see how the model will look like in the material. In addition, you can conduct various tests on the finished model before they will be ready as the final product. Moreover, the prototypes allow making some types of tests that are not recommended on the finished model. For example, Porsche used a transparent plastic model of the transmission 911 GTI to study the current oil in the process of its development. But most importantly, such a model can be done very quickly – and in our days of high velocities it is very important.

However, the prototypes – it’s not all. The next step – is quick production. Already some prototyping technologies allow manufacturing ready-made objects from different materials. This is an ideal solution for small series production, since the standard technical process provides an opportunity to do anything (within reason, of course) in a relatively short period of time. Also, some of the three-dimensional printing technologies allow producing quickly molds.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to show a product, design or model. Have you ever experienced such a problem too? Then you are invited to visit a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we are living in the world of high technologies. Keep in mind that current online technologies give you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might require. Make use of them to look for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to be aware of the latest publications on the topic subscribe to the RSS feed on this blog.

Paper prototyping – is one of the methods of rapid prototyping. Prototypes are drawn schematically on paper by hand or printed on the printer. Paper prototype – is a set of screens and controls sufficient to illustrate the behavior of the system and user scenarios for solving typical problems.

The main advantages.

This is the fastest way to create prototypes. The hand draws on the paper much faster than on the screen.

It is painted generalized abstract essence of the interface, but it is also a good way to fix quickly the idea coming to mind.

The prototypes on paper can and should be tested (You can show it to the user and the programmer, and learn the views of those and others), as a result – the cheapest usability testing.

No need to know in detail the programming language (Delphi / Basic / html / etc.).

Anyone who knows how to handle a pencil and paper can easily create a prototype.

It is easy to change the prototype or draw a new one.

Major weaknesses.

Prototypes of the paper are not ideal for all situations.

Working with a prototype on paper may not correspond exactly to the way in which the user will work with real system.

Prospects for the development of 3D printing.

This technology is already saving a lot of time and efforts of designers and engineers. Perhaps in the near future prototyping becomes available at the household level, or as an inexpensive service that everyone could benefit. There will be enough to draw a model to determine the material and send the order via the internet. It’s called Distance Manufacturing on Demand. In future this technology will become mass – and then everyone at the table will have his personal mechanic small factory, replacing an ordinary production in the little things, just as printers replaced typographies and typists.

Developments in the field of prototyping are produced constantly, so periodically we can expect something new and unexpected. For example, a group of scientists from the University of California at Berkeley is developing a three-dimensional printing technology, which would simultaneously create the shape and content. Under the content it means – electronic filling. For example, the printer prints a body of mobile phone made of plastic and at the same time types all the electronics inside. In principle, there are already ways of printing plastic semiconductor devices and connecting cables. It remains only to combine them with existing technologies of 3D-printer and it will be a revolutionary breakthrough in modern manufacturing.

Another example is the engineering of the University of Missouri, allowing with the help of ink jet printer to print peculiar blanks of biological bodies. As the ink it is used clusters of cells of a given type. Instead of “paper” there is a special bio-gel, which records the location of cell clusters in space. Printing is performed in several layers; as a result it is obtained volumetric structure of cells, which in principle can simulate any body (after the cells grew up, the gel dissolves, so it is possible to obtain hollow structures). Of course, printing of the full body for transplantation seems too difficult yet, but the work is going.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever experienced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to go to this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we are living in the world of digital technologies. Keep in mind that current online technologies offer you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might want. Use them to search for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to keep abreast of new publications on the subject sign up for the RSS feed on this blog.

We are unable to identify a single area of human activity, which would not have touched by technological progress with its stunning pace. Moreover, we find out virtually in real time about the revolutionary transformations in the everyday life of millions of people. Everyone is aware about the existence of e-mail, mobile or digital photography. But there are areas of activity, where changes are much less visible to the public, but their significance is no less. Such areas, of course, are 3D-printing.

The first technology used practically for automated manufacturing of physical plastic models on the computer “drawings” was stereo lithography (SLA), invented by American engineer Charles Hull in 1986. Hull started the company 3D Systems, which even today is one of the main producers of 3D-printers.

The principle of SLA is in the use of photopolymer in a liquid state, which surface is cured by UV laser beam in accordance with the picture of the current layer (such polymers have long been used by dentists for filling teeth). Figure is obtained by layer “thread” of the initial computer 3D-models using special software. After the formation of the active layer the table with the model is down on the thickness of the layer, and the surface using a special equalizer is filled again with liquid polymer, which forms the next layer. Ready sample is washed in order to remove excess polymer, and for some time is kept under UV lamp for the final set.

You can print quite large products (up to 75 centimeters from the maximum size) on the SLA-printers. Such printer with not even a very large working volume (e.g., 250h250h250 mm) is an impressive device with the size of a closet and weighing half a ton. Recent SLA-printers have the highest accuracy among its fellows (machines of 3D Systems can withstand the thickness of the layer in one or two thousandths of an inch – 0,025-0, 05 mm), they obtained smooth and durable models with an excellent study of fine details. Disadvantages – are the extreme slowness (the growth rate of the sample – is a few millimeters per hour at an altitude of blanks), a limited range of source materials and high cost. The price of such printers are usually not indicated (because they are sold by the piece), but after surfing the web, you can see that the model Viper SLA (not the cheapest, it is true) starts from 150,000 Euros.

Version of SLA-technology called SGC (Solid Ground Curing) is much faster, but with slightly lower resolution. In the original version developed by Israeli firm Cubital in 1987, the process resembled copying: on the special glass with toner it is formed a mask of the current layer, through which the photopolymer is lighted not by laser, but UV lamp once the entire surface. In modern versions instead of masks it is used DLP-matrix, as in the projector image. This SGC-unit (e.g., Perfactory from the German firm EnvisionTEC) can have print speeds up to 20 mm / h and resolution in height (minimum thickness) 0.1 mm. Worth Perfactory (abroad) about 55 thousand Euros.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems happening when trying to present a product, design or model. Have you ever faced such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to check out a rapid prototyping methodology site.

And don’t forget that we live in the world of high technologies. Bear in mind that current online technologies give you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might require. Take advantage of them to search for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to be aware of the latest publications on the topic sign up for the RSS on this blog.

Traditionally, in reviews of 3D-printers it is mentioned LOM-technology (Laminated Object Manufacturing), invented by Michael Feygen in 1985. Here a laser beam cuts out the sheet material, which can be a anything (paper, laminates, metal foil and even ceramics), and then heated rollers glue the layers together. Disadvantages are clear: a rough surface of products, bundles, and the possibility of errors and stratification in completely slotted sheet. But you can easily remove the damaged layers and make them again. Judging by the results in search engines (more precisely, their absence), suchprinters are no longer in vogue, though on the website of Landfoam you can see exquisite specimens of landscapes and architectural sites, produced by the order with the help of this technology.

Unfortunately, laser 3D-printers of any type are very expensive: so, the price SLS-device of company EOS, which is even difficult to be called printers because of their size, could easily reach a million dollars. But prices of another variety of 3D-printers – inkjet – are becoming more democratic.

Inkjet printers.

The most obvious way of 3D-inkjet printing is squeezing the liquid polymer on the surface of the work piece. The technology FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) works in such a way, which idea belongs to Scott Crump, founder of the company Stratasys. The first printer of the FDM technology was released in 1991. Now Stratasys produces several varieties of FDM-printers, of which the most famous is the series Dimension (under the name of the same name business units). Machines Dimension – are one of the cheapest among the 3D-printers, the price of entry-level models falls below $ 20,000. However, the more “advanced” FDM-devices (such as FDM Titan) can cost in ten times more.

FDM-printers use the thread of thermoplastic plastic (in the cheapest Dimension it is used less robust and resistant polystyrene FAA, in more expensive – polycarbonate, PC), which is melted and through the die is fitted by the print head on the sample surface. Since the thin overhanging elements can be deformed during the printing process, the second die is provided in the head. These elements are washed by water solution in an ultrasound bath from the finished product. As a result, we have smooth and strong products, but the accuracy is bad: the best FDM-models have the thickness of the layer 0,127 mm, ordinary – 0.178 mm or more. In addition, the process is quite slow.

In principle, the FDM-printers allow to receive multi-color samples (it is available for up to seven colors of plastic, or any other color on special order), but it is necessary to change the cartridge with a thread during the work. A noticeable advantage of printers from Stratasys – is the ability to work on the principle of plug & play, all operations are extremely automated. They say, NASA is considering FDM technology as a candidate for the “space factory.

Another method of inkjet printing called Polyjet is developed by the Israeli firm Objet Geometries, whose device with a beautiful name Eden is well known all over the world. Polyjet is a relative of laser technology in SLA, but instead of baths with liquid photopolymer it is used jet head, squeezed it on the surface of the detail. Then, as in the technology SGC, the polymer is cured under UV lamp. Price of”Eden” is quite high – $ 60-100 thousand for the initial “office” models, that, however, is in several times lower than that of SLA-analogues. Speed of the work – is about 20 mm / h, thickness – from 0.16 mm.

Over the recent decades rapid prototyping services managed with solving lots of tech problems occurring when trying to show a product, design or model. Have you come across such a problem too? Then you are welcomed to go to this rapid prototyping methodology site.

And remember that we are living in the world of digital technologies. Bear in mind that modern online technologies give you a unique opportunity to try and to find anything you might want. Use them to search for cheap rapid prototyping. Should you want to keep abreast of the latest publications on the subject sign up for the RSS on this blog.

The simplest of such technologies – is Fused Deposition Modeling or FDM.

The basis of this technology was developed in 1988 by Scott Crump, and company Stratasys became a manufacturer of equipment for FDM.

The main advantage of such systems is controlled two-axis heating head. The idea is very simple – a liquid thermoplastic material is extruded from the head of the printer, and then fit a thin layer. The material is fed from the coil in the form of wire of diameter 1, 25 mm. At the head the wire is heated and melts at a temperature higher than the point of curing at 10C. The liquid substance hardens very quickly. Due to two-coordinate motion of the head material is placed by a thin uniform layer. The width of the diffusion layer varies from 0, 22 to 2, 5 mm, depending on the rate of deposition of material, nozzle size and accuracy of the positioning of the head. After applying one layer the platform is lowered by an amount of 0.03 to 0.7 mm. It is important to control the process of using the computer as it happens when milling. FDM technology allows to produce ready-to-use items rather large size (up to 600×600x500 mm) with a sufficiently high accuracy (minimum thickness – 0, 12 mm) ). The agency NASA is considering FDM technology as a candidate for “space factory because you cannot take unlimited number of spare parts for all equipment in the space expedition. But the task is quite dared to load a few hundred kilograms of the original thermoplastic material and a compact device that will make any detail from this substance.

Multiphase jet solidification. Typically, 3D-printers do not provide high accuracy and durability of finished prototype, but the mechanical properties of such models are sufficient for visualization of the developed product. The cost of plants varies from 35 thousand to 50 thousand USD, while the cost of traditional RP-system starts with 65 thousand dollars and reaches 800 thousand dollars. The prototypes made on the 3D-printers are estimated at between $ 15 and at $ 35.

Stuttgart and Bremen institutions have developed the technology of multiphase jet solidification. In this technology mix of the powder and fibers are deposited on the surface using a controlled nozzle. The mixture is heated in a compartment of the printer to a temperature of 70 100 o C depending on properties of the working material. As the material it is used powders applied for injection molding. At this temperature the mixture becomes uniform in thickness and is able to pass through the nozzle. It is important to ensure a low surface tension of the material for shaping without shrinking. Subsequently, the prototypes are being finalized with the help of technology, reminiscent of a metal injection molding. There is a sticking substance and obtaining a new molecular mesh for added strength.

Do you come across the problem when you need to present your product but there is no model? Then no doubt you need rapid prototyping. Moreover this technology may be of great use for marketing while the goods has not been ready yet. Interesting? Check out this cheap rapid prototyping site.

This rapid prototyping methodology is a powerful tool today. Use it to investigate products, their advantages and disadvantages. Also keep in mind that current Internet technologies give you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might require. If you want to keep track of the latest publications on the topic.

Modern design cannot be imagined without computer modeling. Creating three-dimensional computer model using modern CAD-systems greatly simplifies and accelerates the design, calculations, and preparation of documentation.

Process of creating a new product can be divided into two major components: the design and manufacture of the prototype.

In the design phase the modern CAD-systems provide a calculation of all the characteristics of future products and receive a virtual representation of the model. Using the latest technology allows the designer to simplify the work and achieve significant economic effect.

However, it is not the same good with the second stage. The main task here is to reduce the time of manufacturing of the prototype of product. Here there are a lot of difficulties. The fact is that conventional technology cannot change the situation. Of course they allow reducing to some extent the time necessary to develop a prototype of the product, but the first attempt to achieve the specified performance is physically impossible: to achieve the necessary parameters, it is usually required to make multiple refinements in design, and then produce repeatedly the refined prototype. At the same time it is practically impossible to avoid the appearance of large number of errors.

Every year the need of using fundamentally new technologies has become increasingly apparent. The area providing obtaining of 3D-prototypes from computer CAD-models was developed most highly. We will consider the most effective and inexpensive of these technologies offered by company Contex.

Contex 3D-printers use a Technology 3DP, built on the principle of layer-based printing based on widespread 2D-jet printing, patented in 1993 by the MIT. The material is a powdered mixture of different types, which allows applying this technology in various fields.

For the growth of the model as a source it is used data obtained in the process of modeling in any CAD-system (engineering, architecture, GIS, etc.) or 3D-scanner, as well as diagnostic medical data CT \ MRI. Supported input formats are STL, VRML, 3DS, PLY.

Software of 3D-printer can optimally prepare obtained model in the CAD-system to printing, place it, scale it to the desired size, if necessary, paint, apply a texture and apply 3D-marking.

Work is carried out in the following way. First of all, the printer software cuts the three-dimensional model of the object on the cross-sections or layers, whose thickness can range from 0.0875 to 0, 2 mm. Then it is obtained sequential printing of cross-sections from the base of the object to its peak. The printer uses two pistons.

When the serving system is filled with powder, the feed piston is in the lower position and plunger in a model (build piston) – at the top.

The printer has several modes of operation that ensures rapid creation of object models. Adhesive solution of higher concentration is applied around the edges of the object, forming a solid “shell” around its outer region, but inside of the object creates the structure of the bearing elements. Other areas of the inner region are printed with a lower concentration of adhesive. Such a print mode provides the necessary stability design of the model and eliminates the possibility of excessive saturated with glue, which can lead to distortion of the shape of the object.

Have you ever faced the problem when you need to show your product but there is no model? Then definitely you require rapid prototyping. Moreover this technology may be very useful for marketing while the product has not been produced yet. Interesting? Visit this cheap rapid prototyping site.

This rapid prototyping methodology is a powerful tool today. Take advantage of it to explore products, their weak and strong points. Also keep in mind that modern Internet technologies give you a unique chance to try and to find anything you might need. Should you want to be aware of new publications on the topic.